Revised and expanded version by
Paul R. Burden

Prepared under the editorial supervision of
Prof. T. Kanti Srikantaiah, Ph. D.
Director
Center for Knowledge Management
Dominican University
River Forest, IL 60305

Concept designed by
T. Kanti Srikantaiah
First version created by Morgen MacIntosh and T. Kanti Srikantaiah

DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to Frances for her constant and absolute support.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals:

T. Kanti Srikantaiah, Ph. D.: Dr. Srikantaiah originally offered me this project, and then encouraged me to take it to another level. I am grateful for his monumental assistance, commentary, encouragement, and support in this undertaking.

Morgen MacIntosh: I should like to acknowledge her generosity as well as her hard work and quality effort. The foundation upon which I have built was a tough act to follow. I hope my additions have complimented her extraordinary efforts.

Michael Koenig, Ph. D.: Dr. Koenig introduced me to the field of Knowledge Management and emphasized the importance and value of publishing, regardless of one’s field of endeavor.

Catherine Mattson: Her "new eyes" helped ensure that this work is consistent. It is better after her assistance because her criticisms and suggestions were useful as well as valid.

I should also like to acknowledge the contributions of my other colleagues who directly or indirectly recommended quality sources that found their way into this book.

Knowledge Management has taken the business world by storm—and rightfully so. The concepts espoused in Knowledge Management are not only logical, they have also been proven to work in the most competitive environment imaginable—real-life. Knowledge Management is more than a company executive writing a memo, the company purchasing groupware, managing a collection of explicit materials, applying a fragmented policy, and creating an intranet. Having this narrow perception of Knowledge Management is akin to blind men describing an elephant by touch. Each will be correct in the perception of a part of the elephant, but they will not grasp the concept of the whole.

Knowledge Management is not a procedure or a policy. Knowledge Management is a holistic process that demands a total organizational commitment to cooperation in order to succeed. It is a process that has a beginning--an evolutionary process with products, but has no end if pursued properly. As an organization evolves, Knowledge Management must evolve right along with it. John Browne of BP has referred to the "shrinking half-life of ideas"; a good, even great idea will not keep a organization afloat indefinitely. Changes in the market, changes in the competition, and even changes within the company itself force the firm to remain abreast of the most recent developments in its situation. How does it discover and react to these changes? Information. If a company cannot access, store, retrieve, and provide the information to the proper individuals in a timely manner, then the firm will eventually fail. Knowledge Management gives the organization the opportunity to fully utilize all of its assets. This Bibliography is an attempt to collect some of the literature in a useful format for the individual interested in Knowledge Management.

Professionals who are active in the field are probably familiar with most, if not all, of the authors and material cited here. Hopefully, there will be something new that will assist the user, regardless of his/her skill or knowledge level. Who, then, is the intended audience for this work?

• Active Knowledge Professionals can use this as a reference tool to seek new information or to locate previously missed materials.
• New members of the profession can use it as a starting point: a guide to allow them to see some of the literature that is available in the various subject areas of Knowledge Management.
• Knowledge Management students can use it as a suggested reading list: a reference tool to determine if the field offers a specific subject area within the scope of their interests or expertise.
• Anyone who wants to get an idea of what is being discussed and pursued in this interesting new field.

This Bibliography is being used by the Center for Knowledge Management at Dominican University as an adjunct to course syllabi and textbooks. It has been examined at length by students in the Knowledge Management courses offered, and I appreciate and have incorporated some the comments and suggestions that have been made.

The Bibliography was also used in and evaluated at the KM 2000 Workshop held on November 12, 1999 and March 17, 2000. This event was sponsored by the Center for Knowledge Management at Dominican University in River Forest, IL. The participants at this seminar are active in various disciplines throughout the United States.

Methodology:
The methodology used to compile this bibliography is as follows:

• Books: review of available books at Books in Print, WorldCat, amazon.com, and barnesandnoble.com using "Intellectual Capital" and "Knowledge Management" as keywords in the searches. Abstracts, the books themselves or reviews have been used to determine the inclusion of a document.
• Articles: Boolean search of thirty-four databases using "Intellectual Capital" and "Knowledge Management" plus the various subheadings as keywords, and review of abstracts or reviews.
• Videos: review of available videos at amazon.com, and barnesandnoble.com using "Intellectual Capital" and "Knowledge Management" as keywords in the searches.
• Web Sites: Boolean search of the Internet itself and NetFirst using "Intellectual Capital" and "Knowledge Management" as keywords.

Bibliography Format:
There is a brief introduction and description of the materials included in each of the sections of the Bibliography. In the Article Section, not only does it have an introduction, each subheading in the Article Section also has a brief introduction and description of the materials contained within. The citations follow.

When compiling a bibliography, the word "comprehensive" makes one nervous, especially in a field that is growing as rapidly as Knowledge Management. Articles, books, lectures, videos, and web sites are being published and put online as fast as they can be created. At the present time, there are more than 8,000 articles and 900 books devoted to the field of Knowledge Management. Obviously, a line must be drawn in order to publish the Bibliography. The compilation could conceivably go on and on…

I think one would be very hard-pressed to keep current with the literature in Knowledge Management due to the explosive growth of the field. The continuing growth of the field indicates that Knowledge Management is not, as some have said, a flash in the pan. If Knowledge Management was a flash in the pan, then not only would the volume of literature decrease, Knowledge Management would not enjoy the growth that it does on a global scale. Knowledge Management has also shown the flexibility to be applied in virtually every knowledge-related field from academia to business strategy- and decision-making to the sciences—both physical and social.

This is not the only attempt to collect and categorize the literature of Knowledge Management on this level, just the first.

Paul R. Burden
July 2000

The literature of Knowledge Management, as in most disciplines, began with the publication of articles in professional journals and the presentation of papers at conferences. As the volume of available information increased, the next logical step in the accumulation, creation, and dissemination of a knowledge base was the production of books.

This list contains books published with "Intellectual Capital" or "Knowledge Management" as their primary focus as taken from Books in Print, WorldCat and the inventories of amazon.com and barnesandnoble.com. The two retail sources were selected because of the sheer volume of their respective inventories and sales. The books listed should be among the most current and most often-selected works available.

The bibliography includes books covering a wide variety of categories in both the Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management subject areas. This bibliography includes books dealing with the beginnings of Knowledge Management: Peter M. Senge’s The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization; KM and the art of management: Steven Albert and Keith Bradley’s Managing Knowledge: Experts, Agencies and Organizations; the impact of KM abroad: the American Productivity and Quality Center’s Knowledge Management and the Learning Organization: A European Perspective; KM and business strategy: J. Friso Den Hertog and Edward Huizenga’s The Knowledge Enterprise: Implementation of Intelligent Business Strategies; and the impact of KM on continuing business practices: Dorothy Leonard-Barton’s Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation; and KM and its value to interdisciplinary studies: Kanti Srikantaiah and Michael Koenig’s Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. One of the more recent books, Richard I. Henderson’s Compensation Management in a Knowledge-Based World, covers a subject near and dear to everyone’s heart.

The literature of Knowledge Management is growing day after day--a testament to the validity of the discipline. The list of books that follows, it is hoped, will give the reader not only an over-all view of the Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management literature that is available, but also introduce some works devoted to specific areas of interest. The reader will find many familiar names here as well as the names of some new contributors to the field.

The books included here are not grouped under the subheadings used for the articles, but they are listed alphabetically by the surname of the author or editor.

Abdelguerfi, Mahdi and Simon Lavington, eds. Emerging Trends in Database and Knowledge-Base Machines: The Application of Parallel Architectures to Smart Information Systems. New York: Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, 1995.

Abell, Angela. Competing with Knowledge: The Information Professional in the Knowledge Management Age. London: Library Association, 1999.

Abrams, Janet. If/Then: Play. Amsterdam: The Netherlands Institute, 1999.

Addleson, M. Equilibrium Versus Understanding: Towards the Restoration of Economics as Social Theory. London: Routledge, 1995.

AGI Conference at GIS 98. Profiting from Collaboration. London: Association for Geographic Information & Miller Freeman UK Ltd, 1998.

Alavi, Maryam. KPMG Peat Marwick US: One Giant Brain. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1997.

Albert, Steven and Keith Bradley. Managing Knowledge: Experts, Agencies and Organizations. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Albrow, Martin. Do Organizations Have Feelings? New York: Routledge, 1997.

Alexander, James C. and Michael C. Lyons. The Knowledge-Based Organization: Four Steps to Increasing Sales, Profits, and Market Share. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin Professional Publishing, 1994.

Allee, Verna. The Knowledge Evolution: Expanding Organizational Intelligence. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

Alvarez, Jose Luis, ed. The Diffusion and Consumption of Business Knowledge. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.

Alvesson, Mats. Management of Knowledge-Intensive Companies: De Gruyter Studies in Organization, 61. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995.

American Productivity and Quality Center. Knowledge Management. Houston, TX: American Productivity and Quality Center, 1996.

American Productivity and Quality Center. Knowledge Management and the Learning Organization: A European Perspective. Houston, TX: American Productivity and Quality Center, 1996.

American Productivity and Quality Center. Knowledge Management Consortium Benchmarking Study: Best Practice Report. Houston, TX: American Productivity and Quality Center, 1996.

American Productivity and Quality Center. Managing Competitive Intelligence in a Global Economy. Houston, TX: American Productivity and Quality Center, 1998.

American Productivity and Quality Center. Using Information Technology to Support Knowledge Management, Consortium Benchmarking Study: Best Practice Report. Houston, TX: American Productivity and Quality Center, 1997.

Amidon, Debra M. Innovation Strategy for the Knowledge Economy: The Ken Awakening. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

Andersson, Oake E. et al. Knowledge and Industrial Organization. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

Anger, Frank D. Ed. Industrial & Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems. Newark, NJ: Gordon and Breach, 1994.

Applehans, Wayne. Managing Knowledge: A Practical Guide to Intranet-Based Knowledge Management. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999.

Applehans, Wayne et al. Managing Knowledge: A Practical Web-Based Approach. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1998.

Arbnor, Ingeman and Bjorn Bjerke. Methodology for Creating Businesss Knowledge. London: Sage Publications, 1996.

Argote, Linda. Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining, and Transferring Knowledge. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1999.

Argote, Linda. The Psychological Foundations of Knowledge Transfer in Organizations. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000.

Argyris, C. and D. Schon. Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1978.

Argyris, Chris. Knowledge for Action: A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1993.

Armistead, Colin. Knowledge Management. London: Cassell Academic, 1999.

Arthur Andersen. World Bank Knowledge Management Concept Paper: A Practical Approach. Chicago: Arthur Andersen Business Consulting, 1996.

Badaracco, Joseph L., Jr. The Knowledge Link: How Firms Compete Through Strategic Alliances. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1991.

Baets, Walter R. J. Organization Learning and Knowledge Technologies in a Dynamic Environment. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1998.

Bata, T., ed. Knowledge in Action: The Bata System of Management. Washington, DC: IOS Press, 1997.

Beaumont, John R. and Ewan Sutherland. Information Resources Management: Management in Our Knowledge-Based Society and Economy. Visby, Sweden: Books on Demand, 1992.

Bigelow, John D., ed. Managerial Skills: Explorations in Practical Knowledge. London: Sage Publications, 1991.

Bigus, Joseph P. Data Mining with Neural Networks: Solving Business Problems from Application Development to Decision Support. New York: McGraw-Hill Text, 1996.

Blair, J. Key Issues for Knowledge Management. Stamford, CT: Gartner Group Research Note/Key Issues K-KMGT-1650, 1997.

Boisot, Max H. Knowledge Assets: Securing Competitive Advantage in the Information Economy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Bontis, Nick. Managing Knowledge by Diagnosing Organizational Learning Flows and Intellectual Capital Stocks: Framing and Advancing the Literature. London: Richard Ivey School of Business University of Western Ontario, 1997.

Borghoff, Uwe and Remo Pareschi, eds. Information Technology for Knowledge Management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998.

Botkin, James W. Smart Business: How Knowledge Communities Can Revolutionize Your Company. New York: Free Press, 1999.

Breslin, Jud. The Business Knowledge Repository. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998.

Brooking, Annie. Corporate Memory: Strategies for Knowledge Management. London: International Thomson Business Press, 1999.

Brooking, Annie. Dream Ticket: Corporate Strategy with Intellectual Capital. London: International Thomson Business Press, 1999.

Brooking, Annie. Intellectual Capital. London: International Thomson Business Press, 1997.

Brooking, Annie. Intellectual Capital: Core Assets for the Third Millenium. London: International Thomson Business Press, 1996.

Brooks, L. and C. Kimble, eds. Information Systems- The Next Generation. Proceedings of the 4th UKAIS Conference. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Publishing, 1999.

Brown, John Seely and Paul Duguid. The Social Life of Information. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000. 35-63.

Brush, Candida G. Women-Owned Businesses: The State of Our Knowledge and Issues for the Future. Boston: Boston University School of Management, 1995.

Buckholtz, Thomas J. Information Proficiency: Your Key to the Information Age. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

Bud-Frierman, Lisa, ed. Information Acumen: The Understanding and Use of Knowledge in Modern Business. New York: Routledge, 1994.

Bukowitz, Wendi and Ruth L. Williams. Knowledge Management Fieldbook. Lanham, MD: National Book Network, 1999.

Burton-Jones, Alan. Knowledge Capitalism: Business, Work, and Learning in the New Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Burwell, Helen et al. Online Competitive Intelligence: Increase Your Profits Using Cyber Intelligence. Tempe, AZ: Facts on Demand Press, 1999.

Butler, Janet G. Information Technology: Converging Strategies and Trends for the 21^st Century. Portland, OR: Computer Research Technology Corp., 1997.

Buzan, Tony et al. The Brainsmart Leader. Brookfield, VT: Gower Publishing Co., 1999.

Caffrey, Larry. Information Sharing Between and within Governments. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999.

Carlin, Stephanie et al. Expanding Knowledge Management Externally: Putting Your Knowledge to Work for Customers. Houston, TX: American Productivity and Quality Center, 1998.

Carter, Barry C. Infinite Wealth: A New World of Collaboration and Abundance in the Knowledge Area. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

Chard, Ann Maria. Knowledge Management at Ernst & Young. Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business Stanford University, 1997.

Chauvel, Daniel and Charles Despres. Future Vision in Knowledge Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

Chertavian, G. Knowledge: Intellectual Capital and the Value Chain. London: Uxbridge, 1998.

Choo, C. W. The Knowing Organization: How Organizations Use Information to Construct Meaning, Create Knowledge, and Make Decisions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Cios, Krzysztof J. et al. Data Mining Methods for Knowledge Discovery. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1998.

Clare, Mark and Arthur W. DeTore. Knowledge Assets: Professional's Guide to Valuation and Financial Management. San Diego: Harcourt Professional Publishing, 2000.

Clark, K. et al, eds. The Uneasy Alliance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1985.

Clark, Peter A. Organisations in Action: Competition between Contexts. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Clarke, Thomas. Changing Paradigms: The Transformation of Management Knowledge for the 21st Century. London: HarperCollinsBusines, 1998.

Clegg, Stewart R. and Gill Palmer, eds. The Politics of Knowledge Management: A Critical Perspective. London: Sage Publications, 1996.

Cohen, Don. Managing Knowledge for Business Success: Document 1194-97-CH. New York: Conference Board, 1997.

Conceicao, Pedro et al, eds. Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: Opportunities and Challenges for the Knowledge Economy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.

Cope, Mick. Leading the Organisation to Learn: The 10 Levers for Putting Knowledge and Learning to Work. London: Financial Times, 1998.

Cortada, James W. and John A. Woods, eds. The 1998 ASTD Training and Performance Yearbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Cortada, James W. and John A. Woods, eds. Knowledge Management Yearbook 1999-2000. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

Cortada, James W. and John A. Woods, eds. The Quality Yearbook: 1998 Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Cortada, James W. Publishing Intellectual Capital: Getting Your Business into Print. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 1999.

Cortada, James W. Rise of the Knowledge Worker. Woburn, MA: Butterworth Heinemann, 1998.

Cross, Robert L. Strategic Learning in a Knowledge Economy: Individual, Collective and Organizational Learning Processes. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

Croy, Norvin et al. Using Information Technology to Support Knowledge Management. Houston, TX: American Productivity and Quality Center, 1997.

Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Joel et al. Knowledge-Driven Work: Unexpected Lessons from Japanese and United States Work Practices. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Czarniawska, B. Narrating the Organization: Dramas of Institutional Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Czerniawska, Fiona. Management Consultancy in the 21st Century. Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1999.

Data Warehousing & Data Mining: Implementing Strategic Knowledge Management. Portland, OR: Computer Research Technology Corporation, 1999.

Davè, Kshiti P. An Investigation of Knowledge Management Characteristics: Synthesis, Delphi Study, Analysis. Lexington, KY: [s. n.], 1998.

Davenport, Thomas H. and Laurence Prusak. Information Ecology: Mastering the Information and Knowledge Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Davenport, Thomas H. and Laurence Prusak. Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.

Dawson, Ross. Developing Knowledge-Based Client Relationships: The Future of Professional Services. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

De Geus, Arie. The Living Company. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997.

Den Hertog, J. Friso and Edward Huizenga. The Knowledge Enterprise: Implementation of Intelligent Business Strategies. London: Imperial College Press, 1999.

Deshpande, Rohit, ed. Using Market Knowledge. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000.

Devlin, Keith J. Infosense: Turning Information into Knowledge. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1999.

Dhar, Vasant and Roger Stein. Intelligent Decision Support Methods: The Science of Knowledge Work. New York: Prentice Hall College Division, 1997.

DiBella, Anthony J. and Edwin C. Nevis. How Organizations Learn: An Integrated Strategy for Building Learning Capability. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1998.

Dillion, Patrick M. The Quest for Knowledge Management: A New Service Organization to Address the Challenges & Opportunities. Technology Management Report, T-303. Atlanta, GA: Information Management Forum, 1997.

Dixon, Nancy W. Common Knowledge: How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000.

Drucker, Peter F. Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. New York: HarperBusiness, 1993.

Drucker, Peter F. Management Challenges for the 21st Century. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

Drucker, Peter F. Managing for the Future: The 1990s and Beyond. New York: Truman Tally Books, 1992.

Drucker, Peter F. Managing in a Time of Great Change. New York: Truman Tally Books, 1995.

Drucker, Peter Ferdinand and Jacques Chaize. Le Knowledge Management. Paris: Ed. d'Organisation, l'Expansion Management Review, 1999.

Duff, Carolyn S. Learning From Other Women: How to Benefit From the Knowledge, Wisdom, and Experience of Female Mentors. New York: AMACOM, 1999.

Duffy, Jan. Harvesting Experience: Reaping the Benefits of Knowledge. Prairie Village, KS: ARMA International, 1999.

Duncan, William R. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Ambler, PA: Project Management Institute Publications, 1996.

Dutrénit, Gabriela. Learning and Knowledge Management in the Firm: From Knowledge Accumulation to Strategic Capabilities. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2000.

Dymsza, William A. and Robert G. Vambery, eds. International Business Knowledge. New York: Praeger Publishing, 1986.

Eden, Colin and J. C. Spender, eds. Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Theory, Methods and Research. London: Sage Publications, 1998.

Edvinsson, Leif and Michael S. Malone. Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company’s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Roots. New York: HarperBusiness, 1997.

Ehin, Charles Kalev, Ph.D. Unleashing Intellectual Capital. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Henemann, Ltd., 2000.

Ekstedt, Eskil et al, eds. Neo-Industrial Organizing : Renewal by Action and Knowledge Formation in a Project-Intensive Economy. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Elaisson, Gunnar. Firm Objectives, Controls, and Organization: The Use of Information and the Tranfer of Knowledge within the Firm. Boston: Kluwer Publishing, 1996.

Empires of the Mind: Lessons to Lead and Succeed in a Knowledge-Based World. New York: William Morrow, 1995.

Enos, John. The Creation of Technological Capability in Developing Countries. London: Pinter, 1991.

Ernst & Young CBI. Executives Perspectives on Knowledge in the Organization. Boston: Ernst & Young Center for Business Innovation and Intelligence, 1997.

Evans, Phillip and Thomas S. Wurster. Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.

Fahey, Liam and Robert M. Randall, eds. Learning from the Future: Competitive Foresight Scenarios. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

Faulkner, Wendy and Jacqueline Senker. Knowledge Frontiers: Public Sector Research and Industrial Innovation in Biotechnology, Engineering Ceramics, and Parallel Computing. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.

Fayyad, Usama et al, eds. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Feltovich, Paul et al, eds. Expertise in Content. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.

Ferratt, Thomas and Ritu Agarwal. Coping with Labor Scarcity in Information Technology. Cincinnati, OH: Pinnaflex Educational Resources, Inc., 1999.

Fiddis, Christine. Managing Knowledge in the Supply Chain: The Key to Competitive Advantage. London: Financial Times Retail & Consumer, 1998.

Fincham, Robert, ed. New Relationships in the Organised Professions: Mangers, Professionals and Knowledge Workers. London: Avebury, 1997.

Finin, Timothy W. et al. Information and Knowledge Management: Expanding the Definition of `Database’: First International Conference CIKM `92, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

Firlej, Maureen. Knowledge Elicitation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990.

Fischer, Laura. Excellence in Practice Volume III: Innovation & Excellence in Workflow Process and Knowledge Management. Lighthouse Point: Future Strategies, 2000.

Fisher, Kimball and Maureen Duncan Fisher. The Distributed Mind: Achieving High Performance Through the Collective Intelligence of Knowledge Work Teams. New York: AMACOM, 1998.

Forrest, Andrew. 50 Ways Toward a Learning Organisation. London: Industrial Society, 1999.

Friedman, Ken. Individual Knowledge in the Information Society. Sandvika, Norway: Norwegian School of Management, 1996.

Fruin, W. Mark. Knowledge Works: Managing Intellectual Capital at Toshiba. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Funes, Mariana and Nancy Johnson. Honing Your Knowledge Skills: A Route Map. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.

Gaines, Brian, ed. Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Management: Papers from the 1997 Spring Symposium. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1997.

Gamble, Rose, ed. Using AI for Knowledge Management & Business Process Reengineering: Papers from the AAAI Workshop. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1998.

Ganguly, Ashok S. Business Driven Research and Development: Managing Knowledge to Create Wealth. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1999.

Gates, Bill and Collins Hemingway. Business @ the Speed of Thought Using a Digital Nervous System. New York: Warner Books, 1999.

Geisler, Eliezer. Methodology, Theory, and Knowledge in the Managerial and Organizational Sciences. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1999.

Gibson, Cyrus F. and Barbara B. Jackson. The Information Imperative: Managing the Impact of Information Technology on Business and People. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1987.

Gillespie, Richard. Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Gladstone, Bryan. From Know-How to Knowledge: The Essential Guide to Understanding and Implementing Knowledge Management. London: Industrial Society, 2000.

Glasson, B. et al, eds. The International Office of the Future. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

Glewwe, Paul et al. Textbooks and Test Scores: Evidence from a Prospective Evaluation in Kenya. Washington, DC: Development Research Group, World Bank, 1997.

Gonzalez, Jennifer Stone. The 21^st Century Intranet. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 1997.

Gray, H. M. Warfighting: The US Marine Corps Book of Strategy. New York: Doubleday, 1989.

Grossman, Evan. Knowledge Management Technologies: Perspectives on Recent Trends and Their Implications. Lexington, MA: Nextera Enterprises L.L.C., 1998.

Grossman, Evan and Dawne Shand. Trends in Knowledge Management Techniques. Lexington, MA: Nextera Enterprises L.L.C., 1998.

Gundry, John R. and George Metes. Agile Networking: Competing through the Internet and Intranets. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 1997.

Hackett, Brian. Beyond Knowledge Management: New Ways to Work and Learn. New York: Conference Board, 2000.

Hackett, Brian. Managing Knowledge: The HR Role. New York: Conference Board, 1999.

Hackett, Brian. The Value of Training in the Era of Intellectual Capital: A Research Report. Conference Board Report, 1199-97-RR. New York: Conference Board, 1997.

Hadley, Laura et al. Strategic Knowledge Management: An In-Depth Examination of the Data Warehouse and Data Mining Industry. Phoenix, AZ: Applied Computer Research, Inc., 1999.

Halal, William E., ed. and Raymond W. Smith. The Infinite Resource: Creating and Managing the Knowledge Enterprise. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1998.

Hammergren, Tom. Data Warehousing: Building the Corporate Knowledge. London: International Thomson Publishing, 1997.

Hanson, T. and J. Day. Managing the Electronic Library. Munich: Bowker-Saur, 1999.

Harris, K. Why Knowledge Management Is in Your Future: Document BPR SPA-KM-280. New York: Gartner Group, 1997.

Harryson, Sigvald. Japanese Technology and Innovation Management: From Know-How to Know-Who. Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1998.

Harryson, Sigvald. Managing Know-Who Based Companies: A Multinetworked Approach to Knowledge and Innovation Management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publications, 2000.

Harvard Business School. Harvard Business Review on Knowledge Management. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.

Haskell, Robert E. Reengineering Corporate Training: Intellectual Capital and Transfer of Learning. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998.

Haywood, Trevor. Only Connect: Shaping Networks and Knowledge for the New Millenium. East Grinstead: Bowker-Saur, 1999.

Henderson, Richard I. Compensation Management in a Knowledge-Based World. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Heydorn, Barbara. Technology Management Practices for Performance and Growth. Menlo Park, CA: SRI Consulting Business Intelligence Program, 1998.

Hineycutt, Jerry and Jerry Honeycutt, Jr. Knowledge Management Strategies. Seattle: Microsoft Press, 2000.

Hinrichs, Randy. Intranets: What's the Bottom Line? Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall 1997.

Hodge, Gail. Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital Libraries: Beyond Traditional Authority Files. Washington, DC: Digital Library Federation, 2000.

Hofmann, Marcelo. Change Forces in the Information Business. Menlo Park, CA: SRI Consulting Business Intelligence Program, 1998.

Holeton, Richard. Composing Cyberspace : Identity, Community, and Knowledge in the Electronic Age. New York: McGraw-Hill College Division, 1997.

Holsapple, Clyde W. and Andrew B. Whinston. The Information Jungle: A Quasi-Novel Approach to Knowledge Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Holtshouse, Dan, ed. and Christopher Meyer. The Knowledge Advantage: 14 Visionaries Define Marketplace Sucess in the New Economy. Oxford: Capstone, Ltd., 1999.

Holtshouse, Dan and Rudy Ruggles. The Knowledge Advantage: Leveraging Knowledge into Marketplace Success. Oxford: Capstone Publishing, 1999.

Honeycutt, Jerry. Evaluating Knowledge Management Solutions. New York: Little, Brown, 2000.

Honeycutt, Jerry. Knowledge Management Strategies. Seattle: Microsoft Press, 2000.

Horibe, Frances Dale Emy. Managing Knowledge Workers: New Skills and Attitudes to Unlock the Intellectual Capital in Your Organization. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.

Horvath, J. A. et al. Tacit Knowledge in Military Leadership: Evidence from Officer Interviews, Technical Report 1018. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1994.

Horvath, J. A. et al. Tacit Knowledge for Military Leadership: Some Research Products and Their Applications to Leadership Development. Alexandria, VA: US Army Research Institute, 1998.

Horvath, J. A. et al. Tacit Knowledge in Military Leadership: Supporting Instrument Development, Technical Report 1042. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1996.

Huang, Kuan-Tsae et al. Quality Information and Knowledge. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 1999.

Hudson, William J. Intellectual Capital: How to Build It, Enhance It, Use It. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993.

Huff, A. S., ed. Mapping Strategic Thought. Chichester, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1990.

Huseman, Richard C. Leading the Knowledge: The Nature of Competition in the 21^st Century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999.

Huseman, Richard C. and Jon P. Goodman. Leading with Knowledge: Winning in the Realm of the Red Queen. London: Sage Publications, 1998.

Imparato, Nicholas. Capital for Our Time: The Economic, Legal, and Management Challenges of Intellectual Capital. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1999.

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Zucker, Lynne G. Intellectual Capital and the Firm: The Technology of Geographically Localized Knowledge Spillovers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

Due to the number of articles in this bibliography, the articles have been separated into subheadings (see Table of Contents). I hope that these more specialized divisions will assist the reader in locating and using the information contained herein.

This group of articles serves very well as an introduction to the field of Knowledge Management. These articles tend to be broader in scope, thus providing a firm foundation upon which the reader can build. Knowledge Management is a relatively new field that is evolving and progressing rapidly. The concept of managing and utilizing data and information has existed for quite a while, but it was not until recently that its characteristics and identity came to be defined as a separate discipline. As the natural progression occurred, this field then matured into Knowledge Management. Knowledge Management is the next logical step. From compiling, processing and storing data to organizing the data (the creation of Information), and investing information with context and value beyond the information itself (the creation of Knowledge) to provide added value to the organization--whether it is in the for-profit or non-profit arena, or the private or public sectors.

As Knowledge Management found and developed its own niche, it continued to evolve and grow. Shortly thereafter, the niche became a functional entity, and the entity grew until it became a multi-faceted discipline. After all of these changes, Knowledge Management still continues to evolve. Continual evolution is the sign that, unlike other schools of thought in the management arena, Knowledge Management is not only here to stay but it will also continue its evolution into areas not yet imagined as more and more minds focus on it, add value to it, and take it further and further.

If one stops to think about it, Knowledge Management is the next logical, productive, and professional step in the way to conduct "business" whether or not the institution is a for-profit organization. Management experts have been talking for years about streamlining operations, increasing productivity, and creating revenue. Yet, until the advent of Knowledge Management, virtually every institution has not been applying the one ingredient it seeks in every employee--experience (Tacit Knowledge) to its every day pursuits.

More than many "management concepts", Knowledge Management is one concept that is useful, indeed necessary, outside of the working environment as well as within professional situations. In fact, most individuals who are at the top of their profession (whether it is in library science, the physical sciences, or any other discipline) have been practicing Knowledge Management before it had a name. They were seeking out and adding information to their skill set to enhance the value of their performance. Now that Knowledge Management has been identified and incorporated into many professional systems, these same individuals are now at the forefront in the application of Knowledge Management in their respective professions.

Knowledge Management, as stated above, has come to affect every field of human endeavor that deals with the collection, storage, dissemination, and synthesis of knowledge. The articles in this section discuss the beginnings and subsequent evolution of the subject as it has progressed from a concept to a philosophy to a working model.

Abell, Angela and Nigel Oxbrow. "Knowledge as a Corporate Resource: Moving Information to Center Stage." IntraNet Professional 01.01 (May 1998): 01, 07-08.

Alic, J. A. "Knowledge, Skill, and Education in the New Global Economy." Futures 29.01 (1997): 05-16.

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What is an asset? According to the New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, it is "a thing or person of use or value". If one asks an accountant for examples of assets, one will get an array of answers: accounts receivable, bonds, buildings, cash, certificates of deposit, equipment, "goodwill", land, physical plant, stocks…the list goes on and on. Several years ago, if one were to ask an accountant the value of a firm’s Intellectual Capital--one would most likely have been greeted with a blank look, and a hurried excuse to go to an "imaginary" meeting. Now Intellectual Capital is sought as eagerly and intensely as profit. Why? Because Intellectual Capital has and has had a constant and significant impact on profit whether or not it was measured. Greater effectiveness, greater efficiency, greater employee involvement, higher employee morale, and increased productivity are among the results that properly managed Intellectual Capital can produce. Explicit and Tacit Knowledge are what make the business world go round. The value of Explicit Knowledge has long been known, but the greater value of Tacit Knowledge is finally being addressed. If Tacit Knowledge cannot be located, collected, stored, and distributed in a timely manner to those who need and can use it, then a firm will not last very long.

The value of Intellectual Capital has been quantified. It is valuable in the corporate suite, it is valuable to the Administrative Assistant, it is valuable in the hallowed halls of academia, and it is also has value on the floor of a factory. Ask any productive employee at any level: Who does one call to ensure that an "emergency" task gets done correctly and on time the first time? That information is worth its weight in gold to any organization. Every employee knows the answer to that question after a period of time, but wouldn't it be better if every employee knew the answer as soon as it was needed? This type of knowledge has been around since the beginning of the business world and its value is in direct proportion to the effort and time required to locate the answer.

Knowledge of one's given field has always been a requirement for an individual to perform productively in a professional environment. Given the explosion of inter-disciplinary functions and operations, it is now essential that if one does not have expertise in another, separate discipline, then one needs to know where the requisite expertise lies and how to get access to it in a timely manner. It is only recently that various forms of endeavor have identified Intellectual Capital as an asset that not only needs to be defined and utilized, but also valued and pursued as much as a positive cash flow.

This section discusses the collection, compilation, storage, accessibility, and utilization of this long-overlooked but indispensable asset.

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Gautschi, Ted. "Does Your Firm Manage Knowledge?" Design News 54.11 (07 June 1999): 188.

Gautschi, Ted. "The Knowledge Continuum." Design News 54.12 (21 June 1999): 170.

Gautschi, Ted. "Managing Your Company's Intellectual Assets." Design News 54.18 (20 September 1999): 261.

Geisler, Eliezer. "Harnessing the Value of Experience in the Knowledge-Driven Firm." Business Horizons 42.03 (01 May 1999): 18.

Gill, Kathleen D. "Knowledge Management: Tapping, Directing, Intellectual Capital Helps Employees Share What They Know." Human Resources Report 15 (22 September 1997): 21-25.

Halliday, Leah. "Corporate Information: Stored but Not Retrieved." Knowledge Management (December 1999-January 2000): 33.

Hanauer, Joe. "Your Information: What It's Worth." Today's Realtor 31.07 (July 1998): 20-21.

"A Hands-On Look at Intellectual Capital." Management Review 87 (January 1998): 50-51.

Harvey, Michael G. and Robert F. Lusch. "Balancing the Intellectual Capital Books: Intangible Liabilities." European Management Journal (February 1999): 85-92.

Hermans, John A. "Managing Knowledge Workers: New Skills and Attitudes to Unlock the Intellectual Capital in Your Organization." Library Journal 124.14 (01 September 1999): 161-163.

Hickins, Michael. "Gray Matter Stolen." Management Review 88.08 (September 1999): 06.

Hoffman, Carl. "BIC Makes It Happen." Appalachia: Journal of the Appalachian Regional Commission 32.01 (01 January 1999): 24.

Horvath, Joseph A. "White Paper: Working with Tacit Knowledge." IBM Institute for Knowledge Management, April 1999.

"The Human Dimension." Business Asia 31.18 (06 September 1999): 02-04.

"Intellectual Capital." Inc. 60 (15 September 1999).

"Investing in Intellectual Capital." Education & Training 41.02 (1999): 150.

Jeffers, Michelle. "Here Come the Consultants: Corporate America Soon Will Spend Billions on IC." Forbes ASAP 159.07 (07 April 1997): s70.

Kalisky, Lorin David. "Managing Knowledge: Turn Your Information into Valuable Gems." Publish 15.03 (March 2000): 75-76. IC

Kennie, T. "Practice Direction: Is Knowledge and Intellectual Capital Management a Fashionable Fad?" The New Law Journal (1999): 893.

King, Alfred M. and Jay M. Henry. "Valuing Intangible Assets through Appraisals." Strategic Finance 81.05 (November 1999): 32-37.

Kinney, Thomas J. "Knowledge Management, Intellectual Capital and Adult Learning." Adult Learning, 10.02 (Winter 1998-1999): 02-03.

Kirtley, Robert et al. "Crossing the Threshold to the Age of Ideas." KMWorld 08.02 (February 1999): 26-27.

Knight, Daniel J. "Performance Measures for Increasing Intellectual Capital." Strategy & Leadership 27.02 (March-April 1999): 22-27.

Koenig, M.E.D. "The Convergence of Computers and Telecommunications, Information Management Implications." Information Management Review 01.03 (September 1986): 23-33.

Koenig, M.E.D. "From Intellectual Capital to Knowledge Management: What Are They Aalking About?" INSPEL 32.04 (1998): 222-233.

Koenig, M.E.D. "Intellectual Capital and How to Leverage It." Bottom Line 10.03 (1997): 112-118.

Koenig, M.E.D. "Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management." IFLA Journal 22.04 (1996): 299-301.

Kogut, Bruce. "The Network as Knowledge: Generative Rules and the Emergence of Structure." Strategic Management Journal 21.03 (March 2000): 405-425.

Kurtzman, Joel. "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste." Chief Executive 112 (April 1996): 20.

Leavitt, Wendy. "The Brains of the Outfit." Fleet Owner 94.08 (August 1999): 81.

Lenzner, Robert and Carrie Shook. "Whose Rolodex Is It, Anyway?" Forbes 161 ( 23 February 1998): 100-104.

Liebowitz, Jay and Ching Y. Suen. "Developing Knowledge Management Metrics for Measuring Intellectual Capital." Journal of Intellectual Capital 01.01 (14 April 2000): 54-67.

Little, Stephen. "Global Production and Global Consumption: Designing Organisations and Networks for the Next Century." Creativity and Innovation Management 08.01 (1999): 08.

Lockenhoff H. "Knowledge Management. Activating Intellectual Capital." Knowledge Organization 24.04 (1997): 255-258.

Longford, Ross. "Funding Intellectual Capital: The Valuation Dilemma." Australian CPA 69.07 (August 1999): 22-23.

Malhotra, Yogesh. "Knowledge Assets in the Global Economy: Assessment of National Intellectual Capital." Journal of Global Information Management 08.03 (July-September 2000): 05-15.

Markham, Lyndsay. "Tales from the New Economy." Knowledge Management (December 1999-January 2000): 12-17.

Masood, Ehsan. "…in the Push for a Knowledge-Driven Economy." Nature (18 March 1999): 181.

Mastorovich, Mary Jane. "Intellectual Capital: Participatory Models of Hospital Work Process Redesign." MedSurg Nursing 07.03 (1998): 172.

Mayo, Andrew. "Called to Account." People Management 05.07 (08 April 1999): 33.

McKinley, James M. "Planning for Success after ‘Go-Live’." Strategic Finance 81.10 (April 2000): 54-58.

McRae, Hamish. "Small Firms Nurture Big Brains." Director 50.06 (January 1997): 64-65.

"Measuring Training’s Contribution to Intellectual Capital." Training 35 (March 1998): 14-16.

Messmer, Max. "Mentoring: Building Your Company's Intellectual Capital." HR Focus 75.09 (September 1998): S11-S12.

Miller, Marlane. "Leveraging Your Hardwired Intellectual Capital." Strategy & Leadership 27.02 (March-April 1999): 28-32.

Miller, William. "Building the Ultimate Resource." Management Review 88.01 (January 1999): 42-45.

Miller, William. "Features—Human Resources." Management Review 88.01 (1999): 41.

Miller, William C. "Fostering Intellectual Capital." HR Focus 75.01 (January 1998): 09-10.

Mintz, S. L. "A Knowing Glance." CFO: The Magazine for Chief Financial Officers 16.02 (February 2000): 52-54.

Mirabile, Rick. "Technology and Intellectual Capital: The New Revolution." Human Resources Professional 11.04 (July-August 1998): 19-22.

Moad, Jeff. "How to Know about Knowledge." PC Week 15.24 (15 June 1998): 128.

Molsbee, Allan. "Don't Overlook the Intangibles." Manufacturing Engineering 124.03 (March 2000): 232.

Nahapiet, Janine and Sumantra Ghoshal. "Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage." The Academy of Management Review 23.02 (April 1998): 242-266.

"News and Trends." CA Magazine 132.04 (01 May 1999): 12.

Oesterholm, J.-E. and V. Ukkola. "Stacking Up: Intellectual Capital Is Not Just About Patents and Trade Marks." Managing Intellectual Property 89 (1999): 30.

Parkes, Hugh. "Valuing Intelligence: Rethinking Some Fundamentals." Austrailian Accountant 67 (November 1997): 28-31.

Petty, Richard and James Guthrie. "Managing Intellectual Capital: From Theory to Practice." Australian CPA 69.07 (August 1999): 18-21.

Phillips, Tessy and Mike Vollmer. "Knowledge Management in the Current Marketplace." Oil & Gas Journal (Spring 2000): 04-05.

Rastogi, P. N. "Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital: The New Virtuous Reality of Competitiveness." Human Systems Management 19.01 (2000): 39-48.

"Reengineering Corporate Training: Intellectual Capital and Transfer of Learning." Journal of Career Planning & Employment 59.02 (Winter 1999): 15-16.

Reid, Joanne. "Tom Stewart on Intellectual Capital." Ivey Business Quarterly 62.03 (Spring 1998): 15-18.

Roberts, Bill. "Pick Employees’ Brains." HR Magazine (February 2000): 115-120.

Roos, Johan. "Exploring the Concept of Intellectual Capital." Long Range Planning 31.01 (February 1998): 150-153.

Roslender, Robin. "Accounting for Intellectual Capital: A Contemporary Management Accounting Perspective." Management Accounting 78.03 (March 2000): 34-37.

Scarbrough, Harry. "Knowledge as Work: Conflicts in the Management of Knowledge Workers." Technology, Analysis and Strategic Management 11.01 (1999): 05.

Schmitz, Ron. "Protecting Intellectual Capital by Managing Information." Appliance Manufacturer 47.10 (Octpber 1999): 84.

Shand, Dawne. "Why Do Intellectual Capital Measures Focus on the Wrong Subject?" KMWorld 08.02 (February 1999): 26.

"Skandia: The Pioneer of Intellectual Capital Reporting." Business Strategy Review 08.04 (Winter 1997): 38-41.

Smith, Rebecca A. "Knowledge: Researching the Power Base of the Organization." Information Outlook 02.06 (June 1998): 12-13.

"Special Issue: Intellectual Capital." Forbes ASAP (07 April 1997).

"Special Issue: Intellectual Capital." Long Range Planning (June 1997).

"Special Issue: The Epistemological Challenge: Managing Knowledge and Intellectual Capital." European Management Journal 14 (August 1996).

"Statement of Intellectual Capital." Accountancy (01 February 1999): 84.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Brainpower." Fortune 123.11 (03 June 1991): 44-51.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Getting Real about Brainpower." Fortune 132.11 (27 November 1995): 201-203.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Gray Flannel Suit? Moi?" Fortune 137 (16 March 1998): 76-82.

Stewart, Thomas A. "How a Little Company Won Big by Betting on Brainpower." Fortune 132.05 (04 September 4 1995): 121-122.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Now Capital Means Brains, Not Just Bucks." Fortune 123.01 (14 January 1991): 31-33.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Your Company's Most Valuable Asset: Intellectual Capital." Fortune 130.07 (03 October 1994): 68-73.

Stivers, Bonnie P. et al. "How Non-Financial Performance Measures Are Used." Management Accounting 79 (February 1998): 44-46.

Sveiby, Karl-Erik. "Intellectual Capital: Thinking Ahead." Australian CPA 68.05 (June 1998): 18-22.

Swanborg, Rick and Bob Reck. "Grow Your Own Consultants." CIO 12.13 (15 April 1999): 76-77.

Tapp, Lawrence G. "Management Education in Canada." Ivey Business Quarterly 62.03 (Spring 1998): 07-09.

Tapsell, Sherrill. "Making Money from Brainpower." Management-Auckland 45.06 (July 1998): 36-43.

Tynan, Susan A. "Best Behaviors." Management Review 88.10 (November 1999): 58-61.

Ulrich, Dave. "Intellectual Capital Equals Competence x Commitment." Sloan Management Review 39.02 (Winter 1998): 15-26.

Van Buren, Mark E. "A Yardstick for Knowledge Management." Training & Development 53.05 (May 1999): 71-77.

"A Viking with a Compass: Leif Edvinsson’s Technique for Measuring Intellectual Capital." The Economist (06 June 1998): 64.

Weber, Pamela F. "Getting a Grip on Employee Growth." Training & Development 53.05 (May 1999): 87-92.

"When Intellectual Capital Starts Heading for the Door." Management Today (February 1999): 09-10.

Wiig, Karl M. "Integrating Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management." Long Range Planning 30.03 (June 1997): 399-405.

Wileman, Andrew. "A Capital Idea." Management Today (April 1999): 97.

Continuing education, continuation training, as well as seminar and conference attendance are prerequisites for any employee who wants to remain abreast of current events, innovations, and issues in his or her respective area of expertise. If the whole is equal to the sum of its parts, then the organization as a whole must move forward as well. The organization must not merely approve of employee intellectual improvement, it must demand and actively support the educational efforts of all employees regardless of their position in the company. Organizations have routinely offered the option for the intellectual improvement of its management and corporate hierarchy. Since the world is changing as rapidly as it is, this option must be extended to every person on the company payroll because the actions of every person on the company payroll have an impact on the firm. Continuing education is no longer a perk. It is a necessity.

If intellectual improvement is perceived as an option awarded to "The Chosen Few", then disaffection will soon spread throughout the organization. As more employees become involved in continuing their education, the firm, in turn, will reap greater benefits. The greater the employees’ stake in the organization’s success becomes, their efforts to increase productivity and quality will soon increase as well. No matter how skilled a company’s personnel are, unless they (and their organization) move forward together as an intellectual entity, they will eventually be overtaken by their competitors.

The environment in which the organization functions and the organization itself are constantly in flux. No matter how effective or efficient any system is, unless it is consistently and constantly improved upon, the organization will eventually fall behind.

No matter how good an idea is, unless it is continually scrutinized, reworked, and improved, the advantage it gave the organization will disappear.

This will be avoided by continually learning more about oneself, one’s skills and talents, the organization itself, customer needs, one’s suppliers’ procedures and policies, and one’s competition. The organization can assist in this undertaking by fostering intellectual improvement at every level in the company.

Getting and staying ahead means the productive use of all knowledge in the organization by all of its members. This is a Learning Organization.

These articles deal with the creation, implementation, and maintenance of a learning organization.

Addleson, Mark. "Organizing to Know and to Learn: Reflections on Organization and Knowledge Management." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Argote, Linda et al. " The Persistence and Transfer of Learning in an Industrial Setting." Management Science 36.02 (February 1990): 140-154.

Argyris, Chris. "Teaching Smart People How to Learn." Harvard Business Review (May-June 1991): 99-109.

Argyris, Chris et al. "The Future of Workplace Learning and Performance." Training and Development 48 (May 1994): s36-s47.

Bassi, Laurie et al. "Trends in Workplace Learning: Supply and Demand in Interesting Times." Training & Development 52.11 (November 1998): 51-52.

Benson, George. "Battle of the Buzzwords." Training & Development 51 (July 1997): 51-52.

Bill, David T. "Transforming EPSS to Support Organizational Learning." Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems 11.02 (Spring 1997): 03-11.

Birkner, Lawrence R. and Ruth K. Birkner. "Learning Organization Update: Safety and Health Pros Must Prepare for Careers as Knowledge Workers." Occupational Hazards 60.10 (1998): 157.

Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid. "Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice: Toward a Unified View of Working." Organizational Science 02.01 (1991): 40-57.

Buchanan, Leigh. "Cultivating an Information Culture: Interview with University of Texas Information Systems Management Director Thomas H. Davenport." CIO 08.06 (15 December 1994): 46-51.

Burgoyne, John. "Design of the Times." People Management 05.11 (03 June 1999): 38-43.

"The Challenge of Managing Organizational Change: Exploring the Relationship of Reengineering, Developing Learning Organizations and Total Quality Management." Total Quality Management 09.01 (February 1998): 109-122.

Cohen, W. and D. Levinthal. "Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation." Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 128-152.

Collins, Rod. "Auditing in the Knowledge Era." Internal Auditor 56.03 (June 1999): 26-31.

Collinson, Simon. "Knowledge Management Capabilities for Steel Makers: A British-Japanese Corporate Alliance for Organizational Learning." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 11.03 (September 1999): 337-358.

"Creating an Agile Learning Organization." Oil & Gas Journal (Spring 1999): 30.

Crowley, Bill. "Tacit Knowledge and Quality Assurance: Bridging the Theory-Practice Divide." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Darling, Michele S. "Building the Knowledge Organization." Business Quarterly 61.02 (Winter 1996): 61-66.

Dysart, Jane I. "Tom Davenport on Knowledge Management: Selected Quotes." Information Outlook 01 (June 1997): 27-28.

Eisenberg, Michael B. "Big 6 TIPS: Teaching Information Problem Solving." Emergency Librarian 25 (1998).

Elliott, Susan and Carla O’Dell. "Sharing Knowledge & Best Practices: The Hows and Whys of Tapping Your Organization's Hidden Reservoirs of Knowledge." Health Forum Journal 42.03 (May-June 1999): 34-37.

Evers, James L. "An Interview with a Utopian Corporate Heretic." Training & Development 52.06 (June 1998): 60-64.

Ferguson, Tim W. "Paradigm Change?" Forbes (08 March 1999): 90.

Fisher, Kimball and Mareen Duncan Fisher. "Shedding Light on Knowledge Work Learning." Journal for Quality and Participation 21.04 (July-August 1998): 08-16.

"FT Knowledge and University of Michigan Business School Announce Groundbreaking Joint Venture for Executive Education." Business Wire 1616 (24 January 2000).

Garvin, David A. "Building a Learning Organization." Harvard Business Review (July-August 1993): 78-86.

Gauche, Jerry N. "From Media to Markets: A New Paradigm for Information Management." Records Management Quarterly 31.04 (October 1997): 03-06.

Gill, T. G. "High-Tech Hidebound: Case Studies of Information Technologies That Inhibited Organizational Learning." Accounting Management and Information Technologies 05.01 (1995): 41-60.

Goh, Swee C. "Toward a Learning Organization: The Strategic Building Blocks." SAM Advanced Management 63.02 (Spring 1998): 15-22.

Gordon, Jack. "Intellectual Capital and You." Training 36.09 (September 1999): 30-38.

Graham, William et al. "A Real-Life Community of Practice." Training and Development 52.05 (May 1998): 34-38.

Grayson, Randall. "Excuse Me, Isn't That Your Library on Fire?" Camping Magazine 71.05 (September-October 1998): 34-38.

Gregory, Vicki L. "Knowledge Management and Building the Learning Organization." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Harrison, Rosemary. "The Contribution of Clinical Directors to the Strategic Capability of the Organization." British Journal of Management 10.01 (1999): 23.

"Harvard Business School Opens Portal for Business Community; HBS Working Knowledge Offers Business Information and Research." Business Wire 1070 (19 January 2000).

Harvey, Charles and John Denton. "To Come of Age: The Antecedents of Organizational Learning." Journal of Management Studies 36.07 (December 1999): 897-918.

Havens, Charnell and Ellen Knapp. "Easing into Knowledge Management." Strategy & Leadership 27.02 (March-April 1999): 04-09.

Hennestad, Bjorn W. "For Change Learning." Human Resources Abstracts 34.01 (1999).

Hibbard, Justin. "The Learning Revolution." InformationWeek 672 (09 March 1998): 44-50.

Hoffmann, S. "Virtual Academies for Companies and Educational Institutions." Information Services & Use 19.01 33-36.

Huber, G. "Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures." Organizational Science 02 (1991): 88-115.

Imai, K. et al. "Managing the New Product Development Process: How Japanese Companies Learn and Unlearn." Clark, K. et al, eds. The Uneasy Alliance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1985.

Ives, B. et al. "Integrating Learning Through Knowledge (and Skills) Management." SIGGROUP Bulletin 19.01 51-55.

Jashapara, Ashok. "The Competitive Learning Organization: A Quest for the Holy Grail."Management Decision 31.08 (1993): 52-62.

Johannessen, J.-A. et al. "Systemic Thinking as the Philosophical Foundation for Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning." Kybernetes 28.01 24-46.

Kermally, Sultan. "The Learning Organization." European Management Journal 15 (April 1997): 208.

Kim, Daniel H. "The Link Between Individual and Organizational Learning." Sloan Management Review 35.01 (Fall 1993): 37-50.

King, W. R. "IS and the Learning Organization." Information Systems Management 13.03 (Summer 1996): 78-80.

Kinghorn, Jonathan. "U-Turn at Unipart." Knowledge Directions 01 (Fall 1999): 06-17.

Klaila, Davis. "Knowledge Management: We Need to Change the Way We Value Work." Executive Excellence 17.03 (2000): 13.

Knott, David. "Get Smarter by Sharing Ideas." Oil & Gas Journal 95 (26 May 1997): 32-33.

Kouwenhoven, T. "Reengineering for Learning." SIGGROUP Bulletin 19.01 39-45.

Levitt, B. and J. G. Marsh. "Organizational Learning." Annual Review of Sociology 14 (1988): 319-340.

Liedtka, Jeanne. "Linking Competitive Advantage with Communities of Practice." Human Resources Abstracts 34.02 (1999).

Lim, Kwang K. et al. "Managing for Quality through Knowledge Management." Total Quality Management 10.04/05 (July 1999): S615-S621.

Lincoln, James R. et al "Organizational Learning and Purchase-Supply Relationships in Japan: Hitachi, Matsushita, and Toyota Compared." California Management Review Reprint Series (Spring 1998).

Maule, R. William. "Adult IT Programs: Discourse on Pedagogy, Strategy and the Internet." Internet Research 07.02 (1997): 129-152.

McGill, Michael E. and John W. Slocum. "Unlearning the Organization." Organizational Dynamics 22.02 (Autumn 1993): 67-78.

Mohanty, R. P. "Evaluating Manufacturing Strategy for a Learning Organization: A Case." International Journal of Operations and Production Management 19.03 (1999): 308.

Muralidhar, Sumitra. "Knowledge Management: A Research Scientist’s Perspective." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Murdoch, Adrian. "Red Brick Revolutionary." CA Magazine (February 1999): 28-29.

Nathan, Maria L. "The Nonprofit Executive as Chief Learning Officer." Nonprofit World 16.02 (March-April 1998): 39-41.

Pennar, Karen. "The Ties That Lead to Prosperity." Business Week (15 December 1997): 153-155.

Reed, M. "Organizations and Modernity: Continuity and Discontinuity in Organization Theory." Hassard, J. and M. Parker, eds. Postmodernism and Organizations. London: Sage Publications, 1993. 163-182.

Riley, Bryan. "You Are Now Entering the Age of the Mind: Thoughts on the Knowledge Society." Australian Library Journal 47.02 (May 1998): 145-156.

Sanchez, R. "Modular Architectures, Knowledge Assets and Organizational Learning: New Management Processes for Product Creation." International Journal of Technology Management 19.06 (2000): 610-629

Sawyer, Steve, et al. "Knowledge Markets: Cooperation Among Distributed Technical Specialists." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Senge, Peter. "The Leader’s New Work: Building Learning Organizations." Sloan Management Review 32.01 (Fall 1990): 07-23.

Senge, Peter. "Rethinking Leadership in the Learning Organization." The Systems Thinker 07.01 (1996).

Senge, Peter. "Sharing Knowledge." Executive Excellence 15.06 (June 1998): 11-12.

Slocum, John W. et al. "The New Learning Strategy: Anytime, Anything, Anywhere." Organizational Dynamics 23.02 (Autumn 1994): 33-47.

Sloman, Martyn. "Seize the Day." People Management 05.10 (20 May 1999): 31.

Stamps, David. "Communities of Practice: Learning and Work as Social Activities." Training 34 (February 1997): 34-42.

Starbuck, William H. "Learning by Knowledge-Intensive Firms." Journal of Management Studies 29.06 (November 1992): 713-740.

Starkey, Ken. "What Can We Learn from a Learning Organization?" Human Relations 51.04 (April 1998): 531-546.

Storer, Gary and Cheryl Harris. "Leap of Faith." People Management 05.07 (08 April 1999): 58-59.

Szulanski, G. "Intrafirm Transfer of Best Practice, Appropriate Capabilities, Organizational Barriers to Appropriation." Cole, R. The Death and Life of the American Quality Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Teece, David J. "Firm Organization, Industrial Structure, and Technological Innovation." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 31 (1996): 193-224.

Templeton, G. and C. Snyder. "A Model of Organizational Learning Based on Control." International Journal of Technology Management (1999): 705-719.

Tetenbaum, Toby J. "Shifting Paradigms: From Newton to Chaos: Part 1 of 2." Organizational Dynamics 26.04 (Spring 1998): 21-32.

Tichy, Noel M. and Eli Cohen. "The Teaching Organization." Training & Development 52.07 (July 1998): 26-33.

Turoff, R. "An Arranged Marriage: Knowledge Management and Organization Development." American Programmer 11.03 (March 1998): 30-33.

Tyre, Marcie J. and Eric Von Hippel. "The Situated Nature of Adaptive Learning in Organizations."" Organization Science 08.01 (January-February 1997).

Van Fleet, Alanson. "Cultural Anthropology, Storytelling, and Knowledge Management." Knowledge Directions 01 (Fall 1999): 78-89.

Wallace, Patricia. "Building the Learning Organization." KMWorld 08.09 (September 1999): 28.

Weick, K. E. "Cognitive Processes in Organization." Staw, B., ed. Research in Organizational Behavior. Greewich, CT: JAI, 1979.

Yamauchi, Futoshi. "Information, Neighborhood Effects, and the Investment in Human Capital: Learning School Returns in a Dynamic Context." Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Economics, 1998.

Zack, Michael. "Managing Organizational Ignorance." Knowledge Directions 01 (Spring 1999): 36-49.

This topic may seem very similar to "Knowledge Management and the Learning Organization", and it is. But it is not identical. The key word here is "Culture"—the beliefs, conduct, norms, and values that are defined as appropriate behavior by a firm and are encouraged by upper management. Knowledge Management must be integrated into the organizational culture. Unless upper management visibly supports all aspects of a Knowledge Management project, no matter how relevant, useful, and valid a Knowledge Management program is, it will invariably fail because the employees can see that it is not perceived as valuable by the upper echelon.

If a Knowledge Management program is going to be successful, then it must be supported throughout the entire organization. Any organizational changes must be adopted by the organizational culture as a whole in order to be successful. Organization-wide acceptance of change is the single most difficult, the most expensive, and the most time-consuming stage in the process. It difficulty lies in the fact that most humans do not like change, especially if the organization is going back to the old ways eventually. "This one will go away after six months just like (choose your acronym)." Trying to adapt to change can be a traumatic event--especially after all of the build-up that traditionally precedes it. Factor in the pressure created because the change comes from the Executive Suite, and this situation can become unbearable--especially if the change that is recommended fails from lack of support from those who initiated it. In extreme cases, employees will become apathetic and disaffected.

As rapidly as the business world is moving today, an organization must accept and support Knowledge Management throughout its entire structure—not just in the "Information Technology", "Knowledge Management", or "Technical Services" departments. Knowledge creation and sustenance are essential. The culture of the organization must change and support the Knowledge Culture. In order to be successful, Knowledge Management must be an organizational imperative. If not, an organization can miss an opportunity that will break the company.

Birkinshaw, Julian. "Acquiring Intellect: Managing the Integration of Knowledge-Intensive Acquisitions." Business Horizons 42.03 (May-June 1999): 33-40.

Blair, Jim. "Knowledge Management: The Era of Shared Ideas." Forbes 01.01 (22 September 1997): 28.

Boland, R. J., Jr. and R. V. Tenkasi. "Perspective Making and Perspective Taking in Communities of Knowing." Organization Science 06.03 (1995): 350-372.

Bonaventura, M. "The Benefits of a Knowledge Culture." ASLIB Proceedings 49.04 (April 1997): 82-89.

Caulkin, Simon. "So, a Little Knowledge Is Not Quite So Dangerous." The Observer (28 September 1997): B10.

Coleman, David. "Collaboration and Knowledge Management Theory and Practice." Knowledge Management Review 05 (November-December 1998): 16-21.

Coles, Margaret. "Knowing Is Succeeding." Director 52.08 (March 1999): 60-63.

"Collaborative Knowledge." Human Resource Planning 22.01 (1999): 22-23.

"Communicating Best Practices: How to Facilitate Knowledge Sharing in All Levels of Your Organization." Business Wire 1599 (03 February 2000).

"Creating an Agile Learning Organization." Oil & Gas Journal (Spring 1999): 30.

Darling, Michele S. "Knowledge Cultures." Executive Excellence 14.02 (February 1997): 10-11.

Darling, Michele S. "The Knowledge Organization: A Journey Worth Taking." Vital Speeches of the Day (10 June 1996): 693-697.

Dash, Julekha. "Knowledge Is Power." Software Magazine 18.01 (January 1998): 46-56.

Davis, Stan and Jim Botkin. "The Coming of Knowledge-Based Business." Neef, Dale ed. The Knowledge Economy. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinmann, 1998.

De Meyer, Arnoud. "Manufacturing Operations in Europe: Where Do We Go Next?" European Management Journal 16.03 (June 1998): 262-271.

Dixon, Nancy. "The Insight Track." People Management 06.04 (17 February 2000): 34-39.

Dove, Rick. "Implementing Stealth Knowledge Management." Automotive Manufacturing & Production 111.06 (June 1999): 16-17.

Dove, Rick. "Outsourcing Knowlege Work--Why Not?" Automotive Manufacturing & Production 111.10 (October 1999): 16-17.

Drucker, Peter F. "The Age of Social Transformation." The Atlantic 274.05 (November 1997): 53-70.

Drucker, Peter F. "The Coming of Knowledge-Based Business." Harvard Business Review 66.01 (September-October 1988): 45-53.

Eckhouse, John. "Get Creative with Knowledge Sharing." Informationweek 720 (08 February 1999): 19ER.

Eckhouse, John. "Sharing Knowledge Isn't Easy Yet." Informationweek 748 (16 August 1999): 99.

Evans, Bob. "A Culture of Innovation." Informationweek 725 (15 March 1999): 10.

Evans, Bob. "Imagine the Possibilities." Informationweek 752 (September 13, 1999): 10.

Find, Soren. "Changing the Culture—Job Design, Work Processes and Qualifications in the Hybrid Library." IFLA Journal 25.04 (1999): 237-239.

Floyd, Steven W. and Bill Woolridge. "Knowledge Creation and Social Networks in Corporate Entrepreneurship: The Renewal of Organizational Capability." Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 23.03 (Spring 1999): 123-143.

Gammack, J.G. and P. R. Goulding. "Ethical Responsibility and the Management of Knowledge." Australian Computer Journal 31.03 (August 1999): 72-77.

Glasser, Perry. "The Knowledge Factor." CIO 12.06 (15 December 1998-01 January 1999): 108-118.

Grant, Robert M. "The Knowledge-Based View of the Firm: Implications for Management Practice." Long Range Planning 30.03 (June 1997): 450-454.

Grant, Robert M. "Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm." Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter 1996): 109-122.

Gupta, Anil K. and Vijay Govindarajan. "Knowledge Flows within Multintional Corporations." Strategic Management Journal 21.04 (April 2000): 473-496.

Hackbarth, Gary and Varun Grover. "The Knowledge Repository: Organizational Memory Information Systems." Information Systems Management 16.03 (Summer 1999): 21-30.

Hanley, Susan S. "A Culture Built on Sharing." Informationweek 731 (26 April 1999): 16ER-17ER.

Hiser, Jeff. "Understanding the Value of Your Employees’ Knowledge." CPA Journal 68.07 (July 1998): 56-57.

Holsapple, Clyde W. and Andrew B. Whinston. "Knowledge-Based Organizations." Information Society 05.02 (1987): 77-90.

Koudsi, Suzanne. "Actually, It Is Like Brain Surgery: Bruce Strong Dreamed up Fancy Technology to Help Employees Share Ideas. Then Came the Tough Part: Persuading Them to Use the Stuff." Fortune 141.06 (20 March 2000).

Larson, Melissa. "Replacing the Quality Craftsman." Quality 38.05 (April 1999): 48-51.

Lei, David et al. "Designing Organizations for Competitive Advantage: The Power of Unlearning and Learning." Organizational Dynamics 27.03 (Winter 1999): 24-38.

Maloney, John T. "Knowledge Transfer Is Critical to ERP Success." KMWorld 08.04 (April 1999): 59, 60.

Marshall, Michael P. "Managing Your Company's Knowledge." Agency Sales 30.01 (January 2000): 41-42.

Martinez, Michelle Neely. "Knowledge Management: The Collective Power." HR Magazine 43 (February 1998): 88-92, 94.

Master, Melissa. "Making It Work: How Leading Companies Are Tapping into the Knowledge of Their Workforce." Across the Board 36.08 (September 1999): 21-24.

Mazzie, Mark. "Mind Melds." CIO 13.02 (15 October 1999): 86-90.

Meister, Jeanne C. "Extending the Short Shelf Life of Knowledge." Training & Development 52.06 (01 June 1998): 52.

Neef, Dale. "Making the Case for Knowledge Management: The Bigger Picture." Management Decision 37.01 (1999): 72.

Nonaka, Ikujiro. "A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation." Organization Science 05.01 (February 1994): 14-37.

Nonaka, Ikujiro. "The Knowledge-Creating Company." Harvard Business Review (November-December 1991): 96-99.

Nonaka, Ikujiro. "A Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation." International Journal of Technology Management 11.07-08 (1996): 833-845.

Nonaka, Ikujiro and Noboru Konno. "The Concept of ‘Ba’: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation." California Management Review 40.03 (Spring 1998): 40-54.

O‘Dell, Carla. "Knowledge Tranfer: Discover Your Value Proposition." Strategy & Leadership 27.02 (March-April 1999): 10-15.

Olson, John A. "What Academic Librarians Should Know about Creative Thinking." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 25.05 (September 1999): 383-389.

Orr, J. "Sharing Knowledge, Celebrating Identity, Community Memory in a Service Culture." Middleton, D., and D. Edwards, eds. Collective Remembering. Newbury Park: Sage, 1990. 169-189.

Ostro, Nilly. "Dynamics." Chief Executive 123 (May 1997): 62.

Pennar, Karen. "The Ties That Lead to Prosperity." Business Week (15 December 1997): 153-155.

"The People Factor." People Management 04.02 (22 January 1998): 38.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey. "Seven Practices of Successful Organizations, Part 2: Invest in Training, Reduce Status Differences, Don't Keep Secrets." Health Forum Journal 42.02 (March-April 1999): 55-57.

Phillips, Tim. "The Truth about Sharing Knowledge." Director 52.12 (July 1999): 75.

Powell, Tim. "Competitive Knowledge Management: You Can't Reengineer What Never Was Engineered in the First Place." Competitive Intelligence Review 08.01 (Spring 1997): 40-47.

Robertson, Maxine and Geraldine O’Malley Hammersley. "Knowledge Management Practices within a Knowledge-Intensive Firm: The Significance of the People Management Dimension." Journal of European Industrial Training 24.02, 04 (27 April 2000): 241-253.

Salopek, Jennifer J. and Nancy M. Dixon. "Common Knowledge: How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know." Training & Development 54.04 (April 2000): 63.

Scarbrough, Harry. "System Error." People Management 05.07 (08 April 1999): 68-70.

Shulman, Seth. "We Need New Ways to Own and Share Knowledge." The Chronicle of Higher Education 45.24 (19 February 1999): A64.

Silver, Bruce. "Walking the Walk." KMWorld 07.03 (16 March 1998): 24-25.

Spender, J. C. "Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm." Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter 1996): 45-62.

Spender, J. C. and R. M. Grant. "Knowledge and the Firm: Overview." Strategic Management Journal 17 (1996): 45-62.

Storck, John and Patricia A. Hill. "Knowledge Diffusion through ‘Strategic Communities’." Sloan Management Review 41.02 (Winter 2000): 63-74.

Suddaby, Roy R. "Knowledge as Culture: The New Sociology of Knowledge." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 07.01 (January 1999): 93-95.

Sunoo, Brenda Paik. "Culture Drives Knowledge Sharing." Workforce 78.03 (March 1999): 34.

Sunoo, Brenda Paik. "How HR Supports Knowledge Sharing." Workforce 78.03 (March 1999): 30.

Tobin, Daniel R. "Networking Your Knowledge." Management Review 87.04 (April 1998): 46-48.

Tsoukas, Haridmos. "The Firm as a Distributed Knowledge System: A Constructionist Approach." Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter 1996): 11-25.

Verespej, Mike. "Knowledge Management: System or Culture?" Industry Week 248.15 (16 August 1999): 20.

Vogl, A. J. "One Big Story." Across the Board 36.08 (September 1999): 01.

Von Krogh, Georg et al. "Develop Knowledge Activists!" European Management Journal 15.05 (October 1997): 475-483.

Waitley, Denis. "Self Leadership and Change." Empires of the Mind: Lessons to Lead and Succeed in a Knowledge-Based World. New York: William Morrow, 1995.

Watt, Peggy. "Interview--Q & A: Where Learning Counts." Network World 14 (18 August 1997): I23-I24.

Webber, Alan M. "Surviving in the New Economy." Harvard Business Review (September-October 1994): 76.

Webber, Alan M. "What’s So New About the New Economy?" Harvard Business Review (January-February 1993): 24.

Welles, Edward O. "Mind Gains." Inc 21.18 (December 1999).

White, Janet. "The New Work Order." Benefits Canada 23.06 (June 1999): 21.

Wilkinson, Barry A. "Sharing Knowledge Pays off." Best's Review 100.09 January 2000): 113.

Yavuz, Ed M. and Daniel Heidelman. "Knowledge Management: The 'Office Water Cooler’ of the 21st Century." Medical Marketing & Media 34.04 (April 1999): 66-70.

Zuboff, S. "The Emperor’s New Workplace." Scientific American 273.03 (September 1995): 202-204.

Knowledge is everywhere. The $64,000 questions are: where is it, who has it, and how do we get it to those who need it when they need it? The Knowledge Map/Information Audit are two ways that will assure a company a proper beginning to its Knowledge Management program. Haphazard application of any new system will cause the system to fail, regardless of the quality of the system. To implement a Knowledge Management program properly, much groundwork must be done in terms of changing the organizational culture. Since this is the most difficult and lengthy process of the implementation procedure, it must be started first. The Knowledge Map/Information Audit is the next step toward the goal. If a The Knowledge Map/Information Audit is not done prior to any computer, network, or personnel changes, then all of the effort, resources, and time will be wasted. How will the new systems be selected, and by whom? Who will have access to which parts of the system? Who is best suited to oversee each section? These questions are best answered by a Knowledge Map/Information Audit. Unless a company has unlimited resources, a Knowledge Map/Information Audit is an absolute necessity.

The ultimate objective of Knowledge Management is to get the necessary knowledge to the people who can best apply it in time for it to have a positive impact on the organization. Knowledge managers are generally familiar with the systems and infrastructure since they often have a hand in its creation. They are also very likely to know what specific knowledge is located where and with whom. What about the other employees in the organization who are expected to contribute to and use Knowledge Management? The Knowledge Map/Information Audit can also provide valuable information to other members of the organization who access to the knowledge as a prerequisite to performing their jobs.

The Knowledge Map/Information Audit is a way for an organization to not only see where it is in terms of its Knowledge Management program, but also assist in planning its future development. While the Information Audit can indicate shortfalls in performance, it can also indicate where the organizational performance has exceeded expectations.

Babiera, A. M. "Knowledge Management and the EBRD: Designing a Knowledge Management Programme for the Office of the Chief Economist." ASLIB Proceedings: New Information Perspectives 51.07 233-242.

Bates, Mary Ellen. "Information Audits: What Do We Know and When Do We Know It?" Library Management Briefings (Fall 1997).

Berkman, Robert. "The Steps to Take for Conducting an Information Audit." Information Advisor Knowledge Management Quarterly Supplement 01.03 (September 1997): 01-04.

Buchanan, S. and F. Gibb. "The Information Audit: An Integrated Strategic Approach." International Journal of Information Management 18.01 (February 1998): 29-47.

Chen, J. "The Natural Structure of Scientific Knowledge: An Attempt to Map a Knowledge Structure." Journal of Information Science 14.03 (1998): 131-140.

Chmielewski, T. L. and D. F. Dansereau. "Enhancing the Recall of Text: Knowledge Mapping Training Promotes Implicit Transfer." Journal of Educational Psychology 90.03 (September 1998): 407-413.

Chuck, Lysbeth B. "For a Really Good Time, Call Your Digital Information Manager." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals (01 October 1998): 69.

Chung, G. K. W. K. et al. "The Use of Computer-Based Collaborative Knowledge Mapping to Measure Team Processes and Team Outcomes." Computers in Human Behaviour 15.03-04 (1999): 463-493.

Cliffe, Sarah. "Knowledge Management: The Well-Connected Business." Harvard Business Review 76.04 (July-August 1998): 17-21.

Cortez, Edwin and Edward Kazlauskas. "Information Policy Audit: A Case Study of an Organizational Analysis Tool." Special Libraries (Spring 1996): 85-88.

Crandell, Thomas L. et al. "Empirical Evaluation of Concept Mapping: A Job Performance Aid for Writers." Technical Communication 43.02 (May 1996): 157-163.

Despres, C. and C. Danade. "How to Map Knowledge Management." Financial Times (08 March 1999): 01.

Dietrick, Bill. "The Art of Knowledge Mapping: Where to Begin." Information Advisor Knowledge Management Supplement 01.04 (December 1997): 01-03.

Drucker, Peter F. "Beyond the Information Revolution." The Atlantic Monthly 284.04 (October 1999): 47-57.

Esque, Timm J. "Knowledge Mapping: A Multipurpose Task Analysis Tool." Journal of Instructional Development 11.04 (1988): 39-50.

Gibb, F. and S. Buchanan. "The Information Audit: An Integrated Strategic Approach." International Journal of Information Management 18.01 (February 1998): 29-47.

Herl, H. E. et al. "Reliability and Validity of a Computer-Based Knowledge Mapping System to Measure Content Understanding." Computers in Human Behaviour 15.03-04 (1999): 315-333.

Hildebrand, Carol. "Guiding Principles." CIO 08.18 (July 1995): 60-64.

Horton, F. W. Jr. "Knowledge Mapping: A Window of Opportunity." SLA Specialist 19.01 (January 1996): 01-14.

Horton, F. W. Jr. "Mapping Corporate Information Resources." International Journal of Information Management 08.04 (1988): 249-259.

Horton, F. W. Jr. " Mapping Corporate Information Resources." International Journal of Information Management 09.01 (1989): 19-24.

Horton, F. W. Jr. "Mapping Corporate Information Resources." International Journal of Information Management 09.02 (1989): 91-95.

"The Information Audit." Information Advisor 07.01 (January 1995): 02.

"Information Overload: The Information Audit." Information Advisor 07.01 (January 1995): 02.

Jeffrey, Gundi. "Measuring the Intangible." The Accountant 59.27 (November 1997): 13-15.

Liu, C.-M. "New Characteristic of Information Systems." Journal of Information, Communication, and Library Science 04.02 (Winter 1997): 14-18.

McCagg, Edward C. and Donald F. Dansereau. "A Convergent Paradigm for Examining Knowledge Mapping as a Learning Strategy." Journal of Educational Research 84.06 (July-August 1991): 317-324.

Murray, B. S. and E. McDaid. "Visualizing and Representing Knowledge for the End User: A Review." International Journal of Machine Studies 38 (1993): 23-49.

Ostro, Nilly. "Metrics." Chief Executive 123 (May 1997): 61.

Reynolds, S. B. and D. F. Dansereau. "The Knowledge Hypermap: An Alternative to Hypertext." Computers & Education 14.05 (1990): 409-416.

Rossett, Allison. "Knowledge Management Meets Analysis." Training & Development 53.05 (May 1999): 62-68.

Skyrme, D. J. "Valuing Knowledge: Is It Worth It?" Managing Information 05.03 (March 1998): 24-26.

Strassmann, Paul A. "Managing: Taking the Measure of Knowledge Assets." ComputerWorld 32 (06 April 1998): 73-75.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Measuring Company IQ." Fortune 120 (24 January 1994): 24.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Mapping Corporate Brainpower." Fortune 132.09 (30 October 1995): 209-212.

Taha, I. A. and J. Ghosh. "Symbolic Interpretation of Artificial Neural Networks." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 11.03 448-463.

"A Talk with ... Bipin Junnarkar." Information Advisor 09.12 (December 1997): S4.

Tessmer, M. "Meeting with the SME to Design Multimedia Exploration Systems." Educational Technology, Research and Development 46.02 (1998): 79-95.

Tsai, Bor-sheng. "Infomapping in Information Retrieval." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Vail, Edmond F. "Knowledge Mapping: Getting Started with Knowledge Management." Information Systems Management 16.04 (Fall 1999): 16-23.

Wiggs, Cheri L. and Ray S. Perez. "The Use of Knowledge Acquisition in Instructional Design." Computers in Human Behavior 04.03 (1988): 257-274.

Human beings do not like change. Large groups of humans (like organizations, for example), like change even less. Therefore, whenever a new discipline comes along, there is stiff resistance to implementing it. "Things are just fine the way they are." "Once we get used to one thing, they start another." The implementation of change is made more difficult when concrete evidence of its value is slow in coming, or even worse, the results of the change are hard to quantify.

Knowledge Management is a process, a perpetual process. Unlike a monthly Income Statement or a product run, it has no end. It is a continuing, evolving function that changes to meet the changing needs of the organization as the organization and its internal and external environments change. Knowledge Management is not a department within the organization. It is, rather, a function that permeates the organization. From the Finance Department to the shop floor, Knowledge Management reaches out to and connects all departments, thus making the organization more focused. The time of an individual working in a vacuum is long gone. Knowledge Management facilitates the pooling of assets from individual departments throughout the organization. Rather than the group that has information determining if anyone could use it, Knowledge Management makes it available to all. Allowing everyone who might need these insights to determine whether or not something can or cannot be modified to meet their needs.

Knowledge must be explicitly managed. This concept does not mean that once the system is started that it is a static proposition. The system must also be amenable to change because change permeates the organization and its environments.

Therefore, it is absolutely essential that it be supported throughout the organization—from upper management to the newest recruit. If the organization does not fully and absolutely support Knowledge Management, then it will become yet another failed management fad. Knowledge Management has value, it has uses for every organization everywhere, regardless of the type of business the organization does.

In any organization, it is not difficult to see what project(s) have the support of senior management. These are the projects that get everyone’s greatest effort in order to make them succeed, they are the ones most talked about, the ones that receive the most attention throughout the organization as well as the best financial backing. Knowledge Management, especially in the beginning, must also have this type of continual and absolute support. Once the Knowledge Management program is up and running, it is crucial that it still receives the attention and support (of all kinds) from the upper echelon. As the Knowledge Management program achieves some successes and proves its worth, then the organization will be won over to its side.

These articles describe different strategies for making Knowledge Management an organizational imperative, not just a departmental one.

Abecker, A. et al. "Toward a Technology for Organizational Memories." IEEE Intelligent Systems 13.03 (May-June 1998): 40-48.

Ackerman, Mark S. and Christine A. Halverson. "Reexamining Organizational Memory." Communications of the ACM 43.01 (January 2000): 58-64.

Alonzo, Vincent and Daniel McQuillen. "Best Corporate Asset: Brain Power?" Incentive 170.01 (January 1996): 07.

Anthes, Gary H. "Learning How to Share." ComputerWorld 32 (23 February 1998): 75-78.

Ayers, J. "A Primer on Supply-Chain Management." Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal 16.02 (Winter 2000): 06-15.

Balisani, Ettore and Enrico Scarso. "Information Technology Management: A Knowledge-Based Perspective." Technovation 19.04 (April 1999): 209-217.

Barr, P. S. et al. "Cognitive Change, Strategic Action and Organizational Renewal." Strategic Management Journal 17 (1996): 15-36.

Barucci, Emilio. "Differential Games with Nonconvexities and Positive Spillovers." European Journal of Operational Research 121.01 (15 February 2000): 193-204.

Battisti, Michele. "Information and Knowledge Management in Tomorrow's Enterprise: The Dynamic Role of Information Activities." Documentaliste 36.01 (January-February 1999): 18-20.

Blackler, F. "Knowledge, Knowledge Work, and Organizations: An Overview and Interpretation." Organization Studies 16.06 (1995).

Blair, Jim and R. Hunter. "Introducing the KM Project Viability Assessment." Research Note KM: SPA-03-5005 Stamford, CT: Gartner Group, 1998.

Brass, D. J. "Being in the Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Influence in an Organization." Administrative Science Quarterly 29 (1984): 518-539.

Breton, Ernest J. "Creating a Corporate Brain." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 15.01 (October-November 1988): 27-28.

Brown, John Seely and Paul Duguid. "Organizing Knowledge." California Management Review Reprint Series (Spring 1998).

Brown, Reva Berman and Martyn J. Woodland. "Managing Knowledge Wisely: A Case Study in Organisational Behaviour." Journal of Applied Management Studies 02 (December 1999): 175-198.

Browning, John. "Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks." New Statesman (27 September 1999): R11-R12.

Brubaker, Steve. "Promoting from Within: The Best Way to Build Management." Fund Raising Management 30.08 (October 1999): 40-42.

Caggiano, Christopher. "Low-Tech Smarts: Knowledge Management Isn't Just for Big Companies Anymore." Inc. 21.01 (January 1999): 79-80.

Callison, Daniel. "Knowledge Management." School Library Media Activities Monthly 16.07 (March 2000): 37-39, 45.

Carayannia, Elias G. "Fostering Synergies between Information Technology and Managerial and Organizational Cognition: The Role of Knowledge Management." Technovation 19.04 (April 1999): 219.

Cates, Jo A. "Sharing Knowledge on Knowledge." Business & Finance Division Bulletin 112 (Fall 1999): 43-46.

Chapman, Christy. "A Melding of the Minds." Internal Auditor 56.03 (June 03, 1999): 06.

Chen, Rui. "The Eighth Stage of Knowledge Management: Information Services Management (IRM) vs. Knowledge Management (KM), and the Chief Information Officer (CIO) vs. the Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)." International Forum on Information and Documentation 23.01 (1998): 18-24.

"Chiseling Building Blocks of Corporate Expertise; Complexity Meets Collaboration." Chemical Week (19 January 2000): 32.

Choo, C. W. "The Intelligent Organization: Mobilizing Organizational Knowledge through Information Partnerships." Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto. 1999.

Coleman, David. "Taking the Best Approach to Knowledge Management." Computer Reseller News 791 (01 June 1998): 111-112.

Comeau-Kirschner, Cheryl. "The Sharing Culture." Management Review (January 2000): 08.

"Custom KM: Implementing the Right Knowledge Management Strategy for Your Organization." Cutter IT Journal 12.11 (November 1999): 06-14.

Dannhauser, Carol Leonetti. "Plugging the Brain Drain: Learning to Share May Be the Secret." Working Woman 24.10 (November 1999): 40-41.

Davenport, Thomas H. "Knowledge Management Case Study." Knowledge Management at Ernst & Young 1997.

Davenport, Thomas H. "Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System." Harvard Business Review 76.04 (July-August 1998): 121-131.

Davenport, Thomas H. et al. "Improving Processes for Knowledge Work." Chemtech 26.10 (October 1996): 14-23.

Debons, Anthony. "Knowledge Counseling: The Concept, the Process, and Its Application." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

DeCarolis, Donna Marie et al. "The Impact of Stocks and Flows of Organizational Knowledge on Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation of the Biotechnology Industry." Strategic Management Journal 20.10 (October 1999): 953-968.

DiMattia, S. S. and L. C. Blumenstein. "Virtual Libraries: Meeting the Corporate Challenge." Library Journal 124.04: 42-44.

Dove, Rick. "Agility = Knowledge Management + Response Ability." Automotive Manufacturing & Production 111.03 (March 1999): 16-17.

Dove, Rick. "The Avoidance of Knowledge Management." Automotive Manufacturing & Production 111.05 (May 1999): 16-17.

Dove, Rick. "Fishing for Knowledge." Automotive Manufacturing & Production 111.02 (February 1999): 22-23.

Dove, Rick. "Managing Core Competency Knowledge." Automotive Manufacturing and Production 109.12 (December 1997): 18-19.

Dove, Rick. "Managing the Knowledge Portfolio." Automotive Manufacturing & Production 111.04 (April 1999): 16-17.

Due, R. T. "The Eye of the Beholder: A Third Approach to Knowledge Management." American Programmer 11.03 (March 1998): 26-29.

Edwards, Ray. "KM & the Human Element." KMWorld 07.06 (11 May 2000): 46-47.

Elliott, S. "Arthur Andersen Maximizes Its Core Commodity through Comprehensive Knowledge Management." Practice (August-September 1997): 01-07.

Empson, L. "Fear of Exploitation and Fear of Association: Exploring Impediments to Knowledge Transfer in Mergers Between Professional Services Firms." (1999).

Ernst & Young. "Mastering Information Management." Financial Times (08 March 1999).

Evink, Janis R. and Henry H. Beam. "Just What Is an Ideation Group?" Business Horizons 42.01 (January-February 1999): 73-78.

"Fading Fads." Economist 355.8167 (22 April 2000): 60-61.

Fahey, Liam. "Scenarios and Knowledge." Knowledge Directions 01 (Spring 1999): 50-59.

Fan, I. S. et al. "Supplier Knowledge Exchange in Aerospace Product Engineering." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 72.01 (2000): 14-17.

Foster, Faren. "How to Make Communities Work for You." KMWorld 08.02 (February 1999): 35.

Frappaolo, Carl. "Search and Retrieval Lay the Foundation to Knowledge Discovery." KMWorld 07.06 (11 May 2000): 28, 31, 34.

Garrett, Alexander. "Crash Course: Knowing What You Know." Management Today (November 1999): 132.

Gautschi, Ted. "Knowledge as Advantage." Design News 54.15 (02 August 1999): 156.

Grayson, C. Jackson, Jr. and Carla S. O’Dell. "Horse and Carriage: Benchmarking and Knowledge Management." Across the Board 35.04 (April 1998): 25.

Griffiths, Jose-Marie. "Track 5: Social, Behavioral, Cultural and Ethical Factors, Part 1." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 26.02 (December 1999-January 2000): 21-22.

Grinyer, P. and P. McKiernan. "Generating Major Change in Stagnating Companies." Strategic Management Journal (1990): 131-146.

Hamilton, Feona. "Know Wonder." Accountancy 124.1273 (September 1999): 44-45.

Hargadon, Andrew. "Firms as Knowledge Brokers: Lessons in Pursuing Continuous Innovation." California Management Review Reprint Series (Spring 1998).

Harney, J. "CRM Workflow: Knowledge Management with a Backbone." Intelligent Enterprise 02.13 (14 September 1999): 28-30, 32, 34-35.

Harrison, Roy. "Need to Know." People Management 05.03 (11 February 1999): 31.

Havens, Charnell and Edward E. Gordon. "How to Identify and Clone Top Performers." Corporate University Review 06.02 (March 1998): 42-45.

Hedlund, Gunnar. "A Model of Knowledge Management and the N-Form Corporation." Strategic Management Journal 15 (Summer 1994): 73-90.

Hiebeler, Robert J. "Benchmarking: Knowledge Management." Strategy and Leadership 24.02 (March-April 1996): 22-29.

Hoard, Bruce. "People Haven’t Contributed to the Collective." KMWorld 06.16 (17 November 1997): 45.

Holsapple, C. W. "Knowledge Management in Decision Making and Decision Support." Knowledge and Policy 08.01 (Spring 1995): 05-22.

"How to Succeed in the New Knowledge Economy: Linking Knowledge Management to Corporate Strategy." Business Wire 1541 (31 January 2000).

Huhns, M. N. and L. M. Stephens. "Personal Ontologies." IEEE Internet Computing 03.05 (September-October 1999): 85-87.

"Intellectual Capital: Trendsetter: John Hokkanen." Law Practice Management 25.05 (July-August 1999): 44.

"It's What You Know and Share That Counts." Training 34.02 (February 1997): 18-20.

Johannessen, Jon-Alrid et al. "Aspects of Innovation Theory Based on Knowledge Management." International Journal of Information Management (April 1999): 121.

Johnson, Donald E. L. "Knowledge Management Is New Competitive Edge." Health Care Strategic Management 16.07 (July 1998): 02-03.

"Just the Facts: Knowledge is Money." Journal of Business Strategy 20.06 (November 1999): 04.

Kampffmeyer, U. and S. Werther. "Knowledge Is Power, But Only When It Is Shared: On the State of Knowledge Management in Business." NFD Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis 50.03 142-148.

Keeler, Janice. "Track 5: Social, Behavioral, Cultural and Ethical Factors, Part 2." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 26.02 (December 1999-January 2000): 22-23.

Kerr, S. "Creating the Boundaryless Organization: The Radical Reconstruction of Organization Capabilities." Planning Review (September-October 1995): 41-45.

Kim, W. C. and R. Maubourgne. "Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy." Harvard Business Review 75.04 65-75.

Kim, W. Chan and Renee Mauborgne. "Strategy, Value Innovation, and the Knowledge Economy." Sloan Management Review 40.03 (Spring 1999): 41.

Knapp, Ellen. "Easing into Knowledge Management." Strategy & Leadership 27.02 (March-April 1999): 04-09.

"Know Thyself." Industry Week 249.02 (24 January 2000): 08.

Koenig, M. E. D. and T. D. Wilson. "Productivity Growth, the Take-Off Point." Information Processing and Management 32.02 247-254.

Kogut, B. and U. Zander. "Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology." Organization Science 03 (1992): 383-397.

Krohn, U. et al. "Concept Lattices for Knowledge Management." BT Technology Journal 17.04 (October 1999): 108-116.

Lahti, Ryan K. and Michael M. Beyerlein. "Knowledge Transfer and Management Consulting: A Look at ‘The Firm’." Business Horizons 43.01 (January-February 2000).

Lesser, Eric. "White Paper: Communities of Practice: Realizing the Benefits." IBM Institute for Knowledge Management, April 1999.

Lesser, Eric and Laurence Prusak. "Spotlight on Knowledge Management: Developing a Strategy to Improve Organizational Effectiveness." Cortada, James W. and John A. Woods, eds. The Quality Yearbook: 1998 Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Lesser, Eric and Laurence Prusak. "Using Performance Measures to Build Organizational Knowledge." Cortada, James W. and John A. Woods, eds. The 1998 ASTD Training and Performance Yearbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Lesser, Eric and Laurence Prusak. "White Paper: Communities of Practice, Social Capital and Organizational Knowledge." IBM Institute for Knowledge Management, August 1999.

Liebeskind, J. P. "Knowledge, Strategy, and the Theory of the Firm." Strategic Management Journal 17 (1996): 93-108.

Liedtka, J. M. et al. "The Generative Cycle: Linking Knowledge and Relationships." Sloan Management Review 39.01 47-59.

Malloy, Amy. "Supporting Knowledge Management: You Have It Now." Computerworld 32 (23 February 1998): 78.

Malone, Thomas W. et al. "Tools for Inventing Organizations: Toward a Handbook of Organizational Processes." Management Science 45.03 (March 1999): 425.

Maloney, John T. "Communities of Practice: Five Factors for Success." KMWorld 08.02 (February 1999): 35.

Mann, Tommy. "Knowledge Management." Chemical Market Reporter 257.03 (17 January 2000): 13.

McCartney, Laton. "Getting Smart About Knowledge Management: Managing Intellectual Resources Can Maximize Innovation and Competitiveness." Industry Week 247.09 (04 May 1998): 30-34.

Miles, Raymond E. et al. "Organizing in the Knowledge Age: Anticipating the Cellular Form." Academy of Management Review 11 (November 1997): 07-20.

Milstead, Jessica. "Track 2: Classification and Representation." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 26.02 (December 1999-January 2000): 13-15.

Moore, Connie. "Eureka! Xerox Discovers Way to Grow Community Knowledge." KMWorld 08.10 (October 1999): 10-11.

Murray, Gerry and Arnie White. "Seven Traits Separate KM Contenders & Pretenders." KMWorld 07.05 (27 April 2000): 36-37.

Murray, P. "How Smarter Companies Get Results from KM." Financial Times (08 March 1999): 12-13.

Nakra, Prema. "Knowledge Management: The Magic Is in the Culture!" Competitive Intelligence Review 11.02 (Second Quarter 2000): 53-60.

Orlikowski, Wanda J. "Improvising Organizational Transformation Over Time: A Situated Change Perspective." Information Systems Research: ISR: A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences 07.01 (1996): 63-92.

Orlikowski, Wanda J. "Learning from Notes: Organizational Issues in Groupware Implementation." The Information Society 09 (1993): 237-250.

Ostro, Nilly. "The Corporate Brain: Knowledge Management." Chief Executive 123 (May 1997): 58-62.

Papows, Jeff P. "The Payoff from Knowledge Management." United States Banker 109.09 (September 1999): 80.

Potter, David. "Go for 'Geek Speek'." The Engineer (11 June 1999): 10-11.

Prahalad, C. K. "Changes in the Competitive Battlefield." Financial Times (04 October 1999): 01-04.

Prusak, L. "Making Knowledge Visible." Financial Times (08 March 1999): 03.

Quinn, James Brian et al. "Managing Professional Intellect: Making the Most of the Best." Harvard Business Review (March-April 1996): 71.

Quintas, Paul et al. "Knowledge Management: A Strategic Agenda." Long Range Planning 30.03 (June 1997): 385-391.

Rolland, Colette et al. "Enterprise Knowledge Development: The Process View." Information Management 36.03 (September 1999): 165-184.

Saidel, Barbara and Don Cohen. "Case Study: Colaboration at Russell Reynolds Associates: The Power of Social Capital." IBM Institute for Knowledge Management, February 2000.

Samitt, Mindy K. "Knowledge Management in a Corporate Environment: An Annotated Bibliography." Business & Finance Division Bulletin (Winter 1999): 39-50.

Sanchez, Ron and Joseph T. Mahoney. "Modularity, Flexibility, and Knowledge Management in Product and Organization Design." Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter 1996): 63-76.

Sauer, Steven D. "Managing Corporate Knowledge Can Yield Significant Dividends." Healthcare Financial Management 50.12 (December 1996): 31-32.

Schrage, Michael. "Thanks So Much For Your Advice; Now, Please Shut Up." Fortune 140.10 (22 November 1999): 372.

Schrage, Michael. "Why No One Wants Knowledge Management." Computerworld (07 December 1998).

Schwartz, Jeffrey. "Collaboration: More Hype Than Reality. True Knowledge Management Remains the Province of an Intrepid Few Organizations That Share Their Best Practices." InternetWeek 786 (25 October 1999): 64-66.

Siemers, Richard J. "KM: What's in It for Your Firm?" American Banker 165.29 (11 February 2000): 06.

Skyrme, David J. "Knowledge Management: Making It Work." Law Librarian 31.02 (June 1999): 84-90.

Smith, Linda C. "Track I: Knowledge Discovery, Capture and Creation." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 26.02 (December 1999-January 2000): 11-12.

"Special Issue: Knowledge and the Firm." California Management Review 40.03 (Spring 1998).

"Special Issue: Mastering Strategy." Financial Times (04 October 1999).

Stamps, David. "A Conversation with Doctor Paradox." Training 34.05 (May 1997): 42-48.

Stamps, David. "Is Knowledge Management a Fad?" Training 36.03 (March 1999): 36-41.

Stauffer, David. "Why People Hoard Knowledge: To Get Them to Share It, You've Got to Overcome a Lot of History." Across the Board 36.08 (September 1999): 16-21.

Stear, Edward. "Ten Ways to Gain Management Support for Key Projects." Online 21.03 (May-June 1997): 103-104.

Stear, Edward B. "The Content Management Strategy: Don’t Go to Work without It." Online 22.03 (May-June 1998): 87-90.

Stephenson, Carol. "How Carriers Can Become More Organizationally Nimble: A Case Study in Knowledge Creation." Telecommunications 31.08 (August 1997): 50-52.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Does Anyone Around Here Know…?" Fortune (29 September 1997).

Stewart, Thomas A. "Getting Real About Brainpower." Fortune 132.11 (27 November 1995): 201-203.

Stewart, Thomas A. "The Leading Edge: Time to Look at How You Manage Brainpower." Fortune 135 (23 June 1997): 159-161.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Packaging What You Know." Fortune (09 November 1998): 253.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Why Dumb Things Happen to Smart Companies." Fortune (23 June 1997).

Storer, Gary and Cheryl Harris. "Leap of Faith." People Management 05.07 (08 April 1999): 58-61.

Talukder, Majharul Islam. "Virtual Organization: Organization in the New Millenium." Information Development 15.04 (December 1999): 236-240.

Tapscott, Don. "Make Knowledge an Asset for the Whole Company." Computerworld (21 December 1998): 29.

Tolen, Franz A. L. "Knowledge Management: A Practical Approach." Information Services and Use 19.01 (1999): 57-61.

Tucker, Mark. "Who Owns the Customer?" KMWorld 07.11 (October 1998): 14.

Turner, Mary Johnston. "Knowledge Management Works When Everyone’s Involved." InternetWeek (27 July 1998): 29.

Turoff, R. "An Arranged Marriage: Knowledge Management and Organizational Development." American Programmer 11.03 (March 1998): 30-33.

Tye, Carl. "Knowledge Management and Risk Management: Creating the Balance of Power." KMWorld 06.15 (20 October 1997): 50-53.

Tynan, Susan A. "Best Behaviors." Management Review 88.10 (November 1999): 58-61.

Velker, Lee. "Blending KM Technology with Culture." KMWorld 07.05 (27 April 1998): 10, 11, 60.

Walsh, J. P. and G. R. Ungston. "Organizational Memory." Academy of Management Review 16 (1991): 57-91.

Ward, Sandra. "Exchange Is No Robbery." Journal of Information Science 25.02 (March-April 1999): 157-163.

Watson, James and Joe Fenner. "The Role of Information Retrieval in Knowledge Management." KMWorld 07.06 (11 May 2000): 28, 30.

Watt, Peggy. "Knowing It All." Network World 14.33 (18 August 1997): 17-18.

Weick, K. "Prepare Your Organization to Fight Fires." Harvard Business Review 74.03 (1996): 143-148.

Weinberger, David. "Three Days to a Smart Company." KMWorld 09.05 (June 2000): 16-17.

Wielinga, B. et al. "Methods and Techniques for Knowledge Management: What Has Knowledge Engineering to Offer?" Expert Systems with Applications 13.01 (July 1997): 73-84.

Wilson, Larry Todd and Diane Asay. "Putting Quality in Knowledge Management." Quality Progress 32.01 (January 1999): 25-31.

Wilson, O. "Knowledge Management: Putting a Good Idea to Work." Managing Information 05.03 (March 1998): 31-33.

Zack, Michael H. "Developing a Knowledge Strategy." California Management Review 41.03 (Spring 1999): 125-126.

Zemke, Ron and Susan Zemke. "Putting Competencies to Work." Training 36.01 (January 1999): 70-72.

Information Technology is not the end-all, be-all of a Knowledge Management program. No matter how sophisticated a system is, it is created, maintained, and modified by human Information Professionals. Information Technology enables changes to occur within the organization. It does not make the changes in and of itself. That is the role of the employees and the Information Professionals. The Information Professional is able to assess current (and future) situations, determine the value of the technology that is in place, and make recommendations on the modifications that should occur. No machine can do that. No machine is yet able to reason.

The Human Capital of an organization is still its greatest asset. Knowledge Management enables an organization to create an environment that is conducive to making the greatest use of this asset. The Information Professional is the individual who is best educated and best prepared to take this untapped resource, add it to Information Technology that exists and utilize it to its greatest advantage, helping both the organization and the people within the organization. The Information Professional understands the technology, the people, and the processes that are a Knowledge Management system.

CIO’s, CKO’s, Information Specialists, Knowledge Facilitators…Knowledge Management has created new jobs and new functions. Knowledge Management has also had a great influence on existing information-oriented jobs like Librarians and Computer Technicians. Not only do all of these individuals (both The Old Guard and The New Kids) need to work together in order to create this new World of Knowledge, but they also have to learn to integrate the many changes that have taken place and will continue to be taking place within the organization.

Knowledge Management is not the express domain of any of these positions individually. All of these functions have something to contribute—and it is imperative that an atmosphere of mutual cooperation be created and fostered by the organization in order to allow the potential that exists within any organization to be realized.

Ways that these individuals can work together to create a new organizational World of Knowledge is discussed in the following articles.

Abram, Stephen. "Post Information Age Positioning for Special Librarians: Is Knowledge Management the Answer?" Information Outlook 01.06 (June 1997): 18-25.

Albert, Judith. "Is Knowledge Management Really the Future for Information Professionals?" Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Arnold, Stephen E. "The Future Role of the Information Professional." The Electronic Library 17.06 (December 1999): 373-375.

Backer, Thomas E. "Information Alchemy: Transforming Information through Knowledge Utilization." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 44.04 (May 1993): 217-221

Baker, Marc. "The Knowledge People." British Journal of Administrative Management 19 (March-April 2000): 18-19.

Balcombe, Jean. "Getting out of the Box: The Role of the Information Professional in Knowledge Management." Law Librarian 31.02 (June 1999): 91-95.

"Best Practices." Industry Week 249.02 (24 January 2000): 47.

Blake, Monica. "Focus: Sipping at the Fountain of Knowledge." Information World Review 151 (October 1999): 27-28.

Boeri, R. J. and M. Hensel. "Special Librarians and Enterprise Knowledge Management." EMedia Professional 11.04 (April 1998): 36.

Bonner Dede. "Enter the Chief Knowledge Officer." Training & Development 54.02 (February 2000).

Bowes, R. "Expanding the Information Horizon. Alternative Careers for Information Professionals." ASLIB Proceedings 43.09 (September 1991): 271-275.

Bradley, Phil. "Virtual Libraries and Internet Searching." Online & CD-ROM Review 23.06 (December 1999): 353-356.

Broadbent, Marianne. "The Emerging Phenomenon of Knowledge Management." Australian Library Journal 46.01 (February 1997): 06-24.

Broadbent, Marianne. "The Phenomenon of Knowledge Management: What Does it Mean to the Library Profession?" Information Outlook 02.05 (May 1998): 23-36.

Burns, T. and Shahida Rashid. "The New World of Information Professionalism." Information Outlook 03.07 (July 1999): 25-29.

Callaway, Erin. "Mind Meld." PC Week 13.15 (15 April 1996): 15-16.

Cascio, Jamais. "The Firing Squads Are Coming." PC/Computing (December 1999): 91.

Cates, Jo A. "Managing a Knowledge Management Career Search." Business and Finance Division Bulletin 113 (Winter 2000): 17-21.

Chase, R. L. "Knowledge Navigators." Information Outlook 02.09 (September 1998): 17-26.

"The Chief Knowledge Officer--A New Career Path?" Information Advisor Knowledge Management Supplement 02.02 (June 1998): 01-03.

Copeland, Lee. "Harvesting Your Knowledge--Getting to Know Your Friendly Chief Knowledge Officer May Be a Good Idea." Computer Reseller News 214.01 (26 October 1998).

Corcoran, Mary and Rebecca Jones. "Chief Knowledge Officers? Perceptions, Pitfalls, & Potential." Information Outlook 01.06 (June 1997): 30-36.

Cronin, Blaise et al. "The Emergent Market for Information Professionals: Educational Opportunities and Implications." Library Trends 42.02 (Fall 1993): 257-276.

Date, Shruti. "Agencies Create CKO Posts to Get in the Know." Government Computer News 18.36 (08 November 1999): 01.

Davenport, T. H. "Knowledge Roles, the CKO and Beyond." CIO 09.12 (1996): 24-29.

Davenport, Tom. "Coming Soon: The CKO." InformationWeek 491 (05 September 1994): 95.

Dess, Gregory G. and Joseph C. Picken. "Changing Roles: Leadership in the 21st Century." Organizational Dynamics 28.03 (Winter 2000): 18-34.

DiMattia, Susan and Norman Oder. "Knowledge Management: Hope, Hype, or Harbinger?" Library Journal 122.15 (15 September 1997): 33-35.

Drotos, P. V. "From Online Specialist to Research Manager: Changing with the Times." Online 18.01 (1994): 54-58.

Dysart, J. I. and Tom Davenport. "Tom Davenport on Knowledge Management: Selected Quotes." Information Outlook 01.06 (June 1997): 27-28.

Earl, M. J. and Ian A. Scott. "The Role of Chief Knowledge Officer." Financial Times (08 March 1999): 05.

Earl, Michael J. and Ian A. Scott. "Opinion: What Is a Chief Knowledge Officer?" Sloan Management Review 40.02 (Winter 1999): 29-38.

Eddison, Betty and Susanne Bjorner. "Our Profession Is Changing: Whether We Like It or Not." Online 21.01 (January-February 1997): 72-81.

Edgar, S. "Knowledge Management: Has It Changed My Working Life? Will It Change Yours?" Business Information Review 16.03 (September 1999): 122-127.

Emerson, Toni. "What Comes After Knowledge Management? Wearable Computers, Smart Rooms, and Virtual Humans." Information Outlook 03.04 (April 1999): 13-14.

Empson, L. "The Challenge of Managing Knowledge." Financial Times (04 October 1999): 08-10.

Field, Judith J. "Excellence and SLA." Information Outlook 02.03 (March 1998): 05.

Field, Judith J. "A New Year, New Challenges, and New Opportunities." Information Outlook 02.01 (January 1998): 05.

Fisher, A. "So What Is the Big Fuss About?" Library Association Record 100.04 (April 1998): 190-191.

Fitzsimmons, Gerard. "It's People Who Manage Knowledge--Not Computers!" British Journal of Administrative Management 19 (March-April 2000): 16.

Frisse, Mark E. et al. "Informatics and Medical Libraries: Changing Needs and Changing Roles." Academic Medicine 70.01 (January 1995): 30-35.

Fryer, Bronwyn. "Consulting's Next Big Thing." Computerworld 34.01 (03 January 2000): 94-95.

Funke, Susan. "In-House Content Providers: A New Role for Information Professionals." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 06.05 (May 1998): 45-47.

Ghilardi, Fiona J. Mellor. "The Information Center of the Future? The Professional's Role." Online 18 (November-December 1994): 08-09.

Gifford, Bernard R. "Where Is the Knowledge? Knowledge Management, Research and Pedagogy in the Electronic Age." Education Libraries 16.03 (Fall-Winter 1992): 14-22.

Goodfellow, Steve. "Who Is the Real MIS Manager in a Company Anyhow?" KMWorld 06.15 (20 October 1997): 24, 49.

Gustitus, Cheryl. "The Push Is on: What Push Technology Means to the Special Librarian." Information Outlook 02.01 (January 1998): 21-24.

Hale, David P. et al. "Business-IS Professional Differences: Bridging the Business Rule Gap." Information Resources Management Journal 12.02 (01 April 1999): 16.

Helfer, Joe. "A Practitioner’s Guide to Knowledge Management." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 06.07 (01 July 1998): 44.

Herschel, Richard T. "Chief Knowledge Officer: Critical Success Factors for Knowledge Management." Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal 16.04 (Summer 2000): 37-45.

Hibbard, Justin. "Knowledge and Learning Officers Find Big Paydays." InformationWeek (15 June 1998): 170.

Jacso, Peter. "Savvy Searching." Online & CD-ROM Review 23.06 (December 1999): 345-348.

Jurek, Richard J. "An Argument for Change." Marketing Research 09 (Winter 1997): 56.

Keiser, Barbie E. "Justifying the Search and the Searcher." Database Searcher 08.06 (June 1992): 19-21.

Kennedy, Mary Lee. "Positioning Strategic Information: Partnering for the Information Advantage." Special Libraries 87.02 (Spring 1996): 120-131.

"KM in the Corporate Culture: CKO’s Report." KMWorld 08.01 (January 1999): 20-21.

"Knowledge Management: Lessons for Information Professionals." Information Advisor

Knowledge Management Supplement 01.01 (March 1997).

"Knowledge Management: The Third 'Era' of the Information Age." InfoManage 03.10 (September 1996): 01-05.

"Knowledge Workers." Executive Excellence 17.01 (January 2000): 15-16.

"Lack of Knowledge Management Leads to Skills Mismatch." People Management 06.07 (30 March 2000): 08.

"Leading HR Experts to Explore Technology's Effect on Managing People." PR Newswire (01 February 2000) 9513.

Lemon, Nancy. "Climbing the Value Chain: A Case Study in Rethinking the Corporate Library Function." Online 20.06 (November-December 1996): 50-56.

"Leveraging Knowledge Workers in the New Economy: Building Expert Directories to Increase Corporate Value." Business Wire (29 February 2000): 1456.

Lyon, Jo. "Personal Development--Understanding Knowledge." Information World Review 125 (May 1997): 24-25.

Mackenzie, Owen J. "Knowledge Management and the Information Professional." Information Services & Use 19.01 (1999): 07.

Marfleet, Jackie and Catherine Kelly. "Leading the Field: The Role of the Information Professional in the Next Century." The Electronic Library 17.06 (December 1999): 359-364.

Marshall, Lucy. "Facilitating Knowledge Management and Knowledge Sharing: New Opportunities for Information Professionals." Online 21.05 (September-October 1997): 92-98.

McClure, Charles R. and John C. Bertot. "The Chief Information Officer (CIO): Assessing Its Impact. Government Information Quarterly 17.01 (2000): 07-12.

Mills, Peter K. and Dan S. Moshavi. "Professional Concern: Managing Knowledge-Based Service Relationships." International Journal of the Service Industry 10.01 (1999): 48.

Murphy, Chris. "Reinventing the CIO: Tomorrow's IT Leaders Will Have to Be Part General, Part Maestro, and Part Evangelist." InformationWeek (10 January 2000): 48-62.

Nelke, M. "The Role of the Corporate Library in the Knowledge Management Process." Information Services & Use 19.01 49-54.

Pearson, Pauline and Kevin Jones. "Developing Professional Knowledge: Making Primary Care Education and Research More Relevant. (Primary Care: Opportunities and Threats, Part 6)" British Medical Journal (1997): 817-820.

Pedley, P. "The Best Placed Profession to Give Tips on Filtering." Library Association Record 100.02 (February 1998): 82-83.

Pemberton, J. Michael. "Chief Knowledge Officer: The Climax of Your Career?" Records Management Quarterly 31.02 (April 1997): 66-69.

Oxbrow, Nigel and Angela Abell. "Knowledge Environments: Where Are the Information Professionals?" Business & Finance Division Bulletin 112 (Fall 1999): 29-36.

Peters, R. F. "Information Partnerships: Marketing Opportunities for Information Professionals." Information Outlook 01.03 (March 1997): 14-16.

Pigott, S. "New Roles for the Information Professional." SLA Specialist 19.09 (September 1996): 08.

Prusak, Laurence. "Hiring Outside the Box." CIO 08.18 (July 1995): 98.

Rowley, J. E. "Owners of the Knowledge." Library Association Record 101.08 (August 1999): 475.

Saunders, Laverna. "The Human Element in the Virtual Library." Library Trends 47-04 (Spring 1999): 771-787.

Schwarzwalder, Robert. "Librarians as Knowledge Management Agents." EContent 22.04 (August-September 1999): 63-65.

Schwartzwalder, Robert. "Manifesto: Seizing the Initiative in the Information Economy." EContent 23.01 (February-March 2000): 60-63.

Shein, Esther. "Balancing Act. (Women in IT)" PC Week 14.42 (06 October 1997): 111-114.

Sheridan, Elizabeth. "IH&RA: Remember the Human Element." Hotel & Motel Management 214.20 (15 November 1999): 03, 22.

Siegel, Gary. "Changing Work Roles Demand New Knowledge and Skills." Strategic Finance 81.08 (February 2000): 65-66.

Smith, Laura B. "The Thinkers." PC Week 13.31 (05 August 1996): E01-E02.

Solomon, Marc. "Re-Tooling the Information Professional." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 05.03 (March 1997): 10-14.

St. Clair, G. "Knowledge Management for OPLs? Why Not?" One-Person Library 14.09 (January 1998): 01-02.

St. Clair, G. "Special Libraries." Line, Maurice et al, eds. Library and Information Work Worldwide 1998. London: Bowker-Saur, 1998.

St. Clair, G. and L. Remeikis. "Knowledge Management: The Third 'Era' of the Information Age?" Records Management Bulletin 77 (December 1996): 13-16.

Stear, E. B. and J. Wecksell. "Information Resource Center Management (IRCM)." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 23.04 (April-May 1997): 15-17.

Steele, Noreen O. "Corporate Makeover." Library Journal 122 (01 March 1997): 38-41.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Is This Job Really Necessary? Chief Knowledge Officers." Fortune 137.01 (12 January 1998): 154-155.

Stewart, Thomas A. "Smart Managing." Fortune 137 (12 January 1998): 154-155.

Stoker, David. "Wanted: An Innovative and Visionary Evidence-Based/Knowledge Management Librarian." Journal of Librarianship & Information Science 31.02 (June 1999): 67-69.

Stratigos, Anthea. "Choose Your Future." Online 24.01 (January-February 2000): 64-66.

Stricker, Ulla de. "Librarian 2000: A Personal Reflection on a Profession on the Verge." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 08.01 (January 2000): 124.

Strugatch, Warren. "Information Professionals Angst in the Information Age." LI Business News 47.05 (04 February 2000): 01A.

Stuller, Jay. "Chief of Corporate Smarts." Training 35.04 (April 1998): 28-34.

Taylor, V. "SLA Institute Focuses on Knowledge Management: A New Competitive Asset." Library Hi Tech News 150 (March 1998): 01-02.

Taylor, V. "Transform Yourself into a Knowledge Executive." Information Outlook 02.03 (March 1998): 16.

Tovstiga, George. "Profiling the Knowledge Worker in the Knowledge-Intensive Organization: Emerging Roles." International Journal of Technology Management 18.05, 06, 07, 08 (1999): 731-744.

Van Heust, G. et al. "Corporate Memories as a Tool for Knowledge Management." Expert Systems with Applications 13.01 (July 1997): 41-54.

Webber, Sheila. "Competencies for Information Professionals." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 26.01 (October-November 1999): 28-29.

Weinberger, David. "You Want Knowledge? Hire a Teacher." KMWorld 07.12 (November 1998): 25.

Weinstein, Bob. "Knowledge Engineers in Demand." Chicago Sun Times (November 07, 1999): C01.

Williams, Ruth L. and Wendi R. Bukowitz. "Knowledge Managers Guide Information Seekers." HR Magazine 42 (January 1997): 76-81.

Wilson, Patrick. "Interdisciplinary Research and Information Overload." Library Trends 45.02 (Fall 1996): 192-203.

Wleklinski, Joann. "Leaving the Library: An Information Professional's Odyssey." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 05.07 (July 1997): 06-10.

Wleklinski, Joann. "Re-Tooling the Information Professional." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 05.07 (July-August 1997): 06-08.

Yerbury, Hilary. "Lost Ideas, Lost Cultures: Librarians in the Research Libraries in the 21^st Century." Infvormation Development 15.03 (September 1999): 155-159.

Zipperer, Lorri. "Librarians in Evolving Corporate Roles." Information Outlook 02.06 (June 1998): 27-30.

Knowledge Management is thought by some to be a self-contained, individual department within the firm. Yes, the function it serves affects the firm in a direct manner—just as the Finance Department, the Marketing Department, etc. In fact, Knowledge Management is a truly inter-departmental function, providing all groups within the organization the opportunity to connect with one another and share valuable information.

Authority, cooperation, resource sharing, technology implementation, and territory…all of these issues are crucial to the any executive whose responsibility includes the management of a department. In order to perform effectively, each group of employees must have the tools that enable them to perform their jobs well. Individuals involved with Knowledge Management are no different. As the newest addition to organizational culture, Knowledge Management must establish itself as a viable, contributing part of the organization. If Knowledge Management is perceived as simply another management fad that will fade into obscurity in six months, then it will never be given the opportunity or the resources that would allow it to succeed.

Besides the usual corporate in-fighting, there are other issues that Knowledge Management as a new discipline must face. These include the creation and maintenance of an atmosphere of trust and reciprocity within the firm, the creation of a knowledge-sharing environment, and the ethics of information and knowledge sharing and use, among others.

Becoming an accepted part of an organization is a difficult task, but it is even more difficult when no one in the organization knows how to measure the contribution. The creation of legitimacy for the work that Knowledge Management does, how to be taken seriously, how to get adequate financial and organizational support, how to get the organization actively involved in Knowledge Management…these are the first barriers a new Knowledge Management program faces, but they are certainly not the last. Advice on how to succeed in these difficult endeavors is given in the articles that follow.

Abrahams, Geraldine. "Climbing up the Lattice of Success." CA Magazine (October 1999): 81.

Adam, Lishan. "Web Content for Africa." Information Development 15.02 (June 1999): 127-132.

Adler, Paul S. "When Knowledge Is the Critical Resource, Knowledge Management Is the Critical Task." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 36.02 (May 1989): 87-94.

Aghion, Philippe and Patrick Bolton. "A Theory of Trickle-Down Growth and Development." Review of Economic Studies 64.02 (1997): 151-172.

Alavi, Maryam et al. "Knowledge Management Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Benefits." Communications of the Association for Information Systems (February 1999).

Albert, S. "Knowledge Management: Living up to the Hype?" Midrange Systems 11.13 (07 September 1998): 52.

Banerjee, Abhijit. "Simple Model of Herd Behavior." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107.03 (1992): 797-817.

Banks, Eric. "Creating a Knowledge Culture." Work Study 48.01 (04 March 1999): 18.

Barron, Daniel D. "The Digital Divide: Can School Librarians Help Build the Bridge?" School Media Activities Monthly 16.08 (April 2000): 47-51.

Barucci, Emilio. "Differential Games with Nonconvexities and Positive Spillovers." European Journal of Operational Research 121.01 (15 February 2000): 193-204.

Beghtol, C. "Knowledge Domains: Multidisciplinarity and Bibliographic Classification Systems." Knowledge Organization 25.01, 02 (1998): 01-12.

Berry, John N. "Bridge All the Digital Divides." Library Journal 125.09 (15 May 2000): 06.

Bolita, Dan. "HR Applications Target a Broader Audience." KMWorld 08.04 (April 1999): 58, 60.

Bolita, Dan. "Tom’s of Maine and Beyond." KMWorld 09.01 (2000): 10-11.

Bresman, Henrik et al. "Knowledge Transfer in International Acquisitions." Journal of International Business Studies 30.03 (Third Quarter 1999): 439-462.

Brown, C. and S. Migill. "Alignment of the IS Functions with the Enterprise: Toward a Model of Antecedents." Management Information Science Quarterly 18.04 (1994): 371-403.

Burlton, R. "Process and Knowledge Management: A Question of Balance." American Programmer 11.03 (March 1998): 16-25.

Chuck, Lysabeth B. "Report from the Field. Simba's Online Publishing Conference: Industry Leaders Gathered in Florida to Discuss "Product, Price and Promotion Strategies for the Online Business Market," and Touched on Issues Such as Content, Technologies, Channel Conflict, Knowledge Management, and Vertical Markets." Information Today 16.04 (1999): 22.

Cleveland, Harlan. "The Global Century." Futures 31.09-10 (November-December 1999): 887-895.

Creth, Sheila D. "Creating a Virtual Information Organization: Collaborative Relationships between Libraries and Computing Centers." Journal of Library Administration 19.03-04 (1993): 111-132.

Cropley, J. "Knowledge Management: A Dilemma." Business Information Review 15.01 (March 1998): 27-34.

Davenport, Tom. "Knowledge Management, Round Two." CIO 13.04 (01 November 1999): 30, 32-33.

Davenport, Tom. "Known Evils: Seven Fallacies That Can Hamper Development of Knowledge Management in a Company." CIO 10 (15 June 1997): 34-36.

Davenport, Tom. "Managing Customer Knowledge." CIO 11 (01 June 1998): 32-34.

Davenport, Tom. "Think Tank." CIO 08 (15 December 1995): 30-32.

Dickeson, Roger V. "Understanding Knowledge Workers." Printing Impressions 42.06 (November 1999): 76.

Dove, Rick. "Building a Principle-Based Knowledge Management Practice." Automotive Manufacturing and Production 110.02 (February 1998): 16-17.

Dove, Rick. "Knowledge Management--It’s Not Just in the IT Department." Automotive Manufacturing and Production 110.03 (March 1998): 26-28.

Duberman, Josh and Michael Beaudet. "Privacy Perspectives for Online Searchers." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 08.07 (July-August 2000): 32-48.

Due, R. T. "The Eye of the Beholder: A Third Approach to Knowledge Management." American Programmer 11.03 (March 1998): 26-29.

Duffy, Jan. "Knowledge Management: To Be or Not to Be?" Information Management Journal 34.01 (January 2000): 64-67.

Essers, J. and J. Schreinemakers. "Nonaka's Subjectivist Conception of Knowledge in Corporate Knowledge Management." Knowledge Organization 24.01 (1997): 24-32.

"Executive Roundtable." InformationWeek (23 March 1998): 08ER-10ER.

Fahey, Liam and Laurence Prusak. "The Eleven Deadliest Sins of Knowledge Management." California Management Review 40.03 (Spring 1998): 265-276.

Fasoranti, Del. "Data Isn't Knowledge." Cabinet Maker 5182 (07 April 2000): 06.

Galagan, Patricia A. "Smart Companies." Training & Development 51.12 (December 1997): 20-24.

Gardner, Dana. "Get Smart: An Immature Knowledge Management Industry Tries to Overcome Content Chaos." InfoWorld 20.14 (06 April 1998): 97-98.

Ghilardi, Fiona J. Mellor. "Getting to `Real-Time’ Knowledge Management: From Knowledge Management to Knowledge Generation." Online 21 (September-October 1997): 99-100.

Ghoshal, Sumantra. "Changing the Role of Top Management: Beyond Structure to Processes." Harvard Business Review (January-February 1995): 86-91.

Gould, David M. and William C. Gruben. "The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Economic Growth." Journal of Development Economics 48.03 (1996): 328-350.

Graham, Ann B. and Vincent G. Pizzo. "A Question of Balance: Case Studies in Strategic Knowledge Management." European Management Journal 14.04 (August 1996): 338-346.

Greif, Avner. "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies." Journal of Political Economy 102.05 (1994): 912-950.

Grenier, Ray and George Metes. "Wake up and Smell the Syzygy." Business Communications Review 28.08 (August 1998): 57-60.

"Harnessing Corporate IQ." CA Magazine 130 (April 1997): 26-29.

Hjalager, Anne-Mette. "Interorganizational Learning Systems." Human Systems Management 18.01 (01 January 1999): 23-32.

Hock, Ran. "How to Do Field Searching in Web Search Engines." Online 22.03 (1998): 18-22.

Hope, Kerin. "Albania Has Only 1.4 Fixed-Wire Telephones for Every 100 Inhabitants." Financial Times (19 February 1997).

Hubbard, Elva Ellen. "KM, DM and Workflow Solutions Meet the Compliance Challenge." KMWorld 07.12 (November 1998): 26.

Hunter, R. "KM in Government: This is Not the Consulting Industry." Research Note KM: KA 03-6492. Stamford, CT: Gartner Group, 1998.

Hyden, Steven D. et al. "Identifying, Protecting, and Valuing Intellectual Property." Journal of Asset Protection 03.06 (July-August 1998): 32-38.

Intner, Sheila S. "The Good Professional: A New Vision." American Libraries 29.03 (March 1998): 48-50.

Ivers, Jack. "Presenting the Case for Automated Classification." KMWorld 08.04 (April 1999): 18.

Johannessen, Jon-Arild et al. "How Can Europe Compete in the 21st Century?" International Journal of Information Management 19.04 (August 1999): 263-275.

Jones, M. "Knowledge Management Column." SIGGROUP Bulletin 18.02 (August 1997): 16-18.

Jordan, Judith and Penelope Jones. "Assessing Your Company's Knowledge Management Style." Long Range Planning 30.03 (June 1997): 392-398.

Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. "The Balanced Score Card: Measures that Drive Performance." Harvard Business Review 70 (January-February 1992): 71-91.

Kerssens-Van Drongelen Inge C. et al. "Describing the Issues of Knowledge Management in R&D: Towards a Communication and Analysis Tool." R&D Management 26.03 (July 1996): 213-230.

Kinsella, William J. "Discourse, Power, and Knowledge in the Management of "Big Science"." Management Communication Quarterly 13.02 (November 1999): 171-208.

Knapp, Ellen. "Know-How's Not Easy: How to Keep Knowledge Management from Flickering Out." Computerworld 03.11 (17 March 1997): L01-L11.

"Know Thyself." Industry Week 249.02 (24 January 2000): 08.

"Knowledge Management: Fighting the Fad." Online and CD-ROM Review 22.02 (April 1998): 107-113.

Laberis, Bill. "One Big Pile of Knowledge." Computerworld 32.05 (02 February 1998): 97.

Lancaster, F. Wilfrid. "Second Thoughts on the Paperless Society: Technology Cannot Replace an Ethic of Public Service." Library Journal 124.15 (15 September 1999): 48-50.

Lawrence, Steve and C. Lee Giles. "Searching the World Wide Web." Science 280 (03 April 1998): 98-100.

Leadbeater, Charles. "Public Policy for the Knowledge Economy." Knowledge Directions 01 (Spring 1999): 72-81.

Lennon, David. "The Future of ‘Free’ Information on the Internet." ASLIB Proceedings 51.09 (October 1999): 285-289.

Levy, Steven and Brad Stone. "Hunting the Hackers." Newsweek (21 February 2000): 38-44.

Loucopolous, P. and V. Kavakli. "Enterprise Knowledge Management and Conceptual Modelling." Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1565 (1999): 123.

Maglitta, Joseph. "Smarten Up!" Computerworld 29.23 (05 June 1995): 84-86.

Malhotra, Y. "Knowledge Management and New Organization Forms a Framework for Business Model Innovation." Information Resources Management Journal 13.01 (January-March 2000): 05-14.

Malhotra, Yogesh. "Tools @ Work: Deciphering the Knowledge Management Hype." Journal for Quality and Participation 21.04 (July-August 1998): 58-60.

Malhotra, Yogesh. "Toward a Knowledge Ecology for Organizational White-Waters." brint.com/papers/ecology.htm

Marshall, Chris et al. "Financial Risk and the Need for Superior Knowledge Management." California Management Review 38.03 (Spring 1996): 77-101.

Martin, William J. "Approaches to the Measurement of the Impact of Knowledge Management Programmes." Journal of Information Science 26.01 (2000): 21-27.

Mazzie, Mark G. "Is Knowledge Management the Future of HR?" KMWorld 08.04 (April 1999): 58, 60.

McIntosh, Jennifer. "Leveraging Human Capital." KMWorld 08.04 (April 1999): 59, 60.

Milne, J. "Out One Ear, in the Other: Knowledge Management." InformationWeek (June 1998): 85-86.

Murray, Bill. "DOD Focuses on Knowledge Management but Can't Pin It Down." Government Computer News 19.04 (21 February 2000): 40.

Nerney, Chris. "Getting to Know Knowledge Management." Network World 14.39 (29 September 1997): 101.

Nerney, Chris. "Searching for True Knowledge." Network World 14.24 (16 June 1997): 42.

Nissen, Mark E. et al. "A Framework for Integrating Knowledge Process and System Design." Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal 16.04 (Summer 2000): 17-26.

Osin, Luis. "Computers in Education in Developing Countries: Why and How." Education and Technology Series Paper No. 03(01). Washington, DC: Human Development Department Education Group--Education and Technology Team World Bank, 1998.

Oxbrow, Nigel. "Information Literacy: The Final Key to an Information Society." Business and Finance Division Bulletin 111 (Spring 1999): 39-41.

Prakash, A. et al. "Applications of Knowledge and Data Engineering: Data Management Issues and Trade-Offs in CSCW Systems." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 11.01 (1999): 213.

Prusak, Lawrence. "Laurence Prusak Shares Thoughts on Success and Knowledge Management." Information Outlook 03.05 (May 1999): 31-32.

Puccinelli, B. "Messaging Is the Medium." Inform 12.01 (January 1998): 24-27.

Riggs, F. W. "Onomantics and Terminology. Pt. I: Their Contributions to Knowledge Organization." Knowledge Organization 23.01 (1996): 25-30.

Riggs, Fred W. "Onomantics and Terminology. Pt. II: Core Concepts." Knowledge Organization 23.03 (1996): 157-168.

Safdie, Elias. "Integrating Autonomous Islands of Automation." KMWorld 07.04 (30 March 2000): 12, 14.

Sager, Ira et al. "Cyber Crime." Business Week (February 21, 2000): 36-42.

Sandberg, Jared. "Holes in the Net." Newsweek (21 February 2000): 47-49.

Schwartz, Karen D. "Feds Use the Internet and EDMS to Tackle Paper Glut." KMWorld 06.18 (01 December 1997): 30, 32.

Schwuchow, W. "Measuring the Information Market(s): A Personal Experience." Journal of Information Science 21.02 (1995): 123-132.

Silver, Bruce. "I Want My Rights!" KMWorld 09.05 (June 2000): 16-17.

Simonin, Bernard L. "Transfer of Marketing Know-How in International Strategic Alliances: An Empirical Investigation of the Role and Antecedents of Knowledge Ambiguity." Journal of International Business Studies 30.03 (Third Quarter 1999): 463-490.

Skyrme, David J. and Debra M. Amidon. "New Measures of Success." Journal of Business Strategy 19.01 (January 1998): 20-24.

Slater, Derek. "Knowledge Management: Do as I Say, Not as I Do." CIO Enterprise 11.04 (15 November 1997): 22.

Sly, Liz. "China’s Trying to Cut off the Web." Chicago Tribune (27 January 1999): S01, S03.

Stamps, David. "Managing Corporate Smarts." Training 34 (August 1997): 40-44.

Stear, E. B. "Technology-Enabled Content: Threat or Opportunity." Online 21.04 (July-August 1997): 80-82.

Styffe, Elizabeth J. "Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security in Clinical Information Systems: Dilemmas and Opportunities for the Nurse Executive." Nursing Administration Quarterly 21.03 (1997): 21-28.

Teece, David. "Research Directions for Knowledge Management." California Management Review 40.03 (Spring 1998): 289-292.

"Unearthing Your Company's Hidden Knowledge: How to Create a Best Practice Identification System." Business Wire 1532 (01 February 2000).

van Mesdag, Martin. "Too Much Information, Not Enough Knowledge." Chief Executive (May 1983): 38-39.

Wagner, Cynthia G. and Jeff Minard. "On the Frontiers of Wisdom." Futurist 33.09 51-56.

Ward, Patricia Layzell. "Information 2000: Has It Happened, or Is It Happening?" Online and CDROM Review 23.06 (December 1999): 349-351.

Willard, N. "Knowledge Management: What Does It Imply for IRM?" Managing Information 04.08 (October 1997): 31-32.

Zerega, Blaise. "Art of Knowledge Management: Experts Caution That Consultants’ Methodologies May Vary Widely." InfoWorld 20.30 (27 July 1998): 61.

Zha, X. F. "Integrated Knowledge-Based Approach and System for Product Design for Assembly." International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 12.03 (01 May 1999): 211.

Zuckerman, Amy. "Are You Really Ready for Knowledge Management?" Journal for Quality and Participation 20.03 (June 1997): 58-61.

Zuckerman, Amy and Hal Buell. "Is the World Ready for Knowledge Management?" Quality Progress 31.06 (June 1998): 81-84.

The Information Technology boom has benefited everyone—but few more so than those in the field of Knowledge Management. Knowledge Management has also assisted in the development of new Information Technology, as well. It is obvious that each of these areas is dependent upon the other to assist each other's respective growth. The technology that has been (and continues to be) developed has provided Knowledge Management the technological ability to fulfill its mission.

What Information Technology does is provide a platform, a foundation upon which to build a Knowledge Management program. Without Information Technology, those in the field of Knowledge Management could still perform their function, but I am certain that it would be far more difficult. Information Technology is one side of the triangle that is Knowledge Management. The other two include Information Professionals and Processes, both of which are discussed in other parts of this Bibliography.

While Information Technology is, in fact, an integral part of Knowledge Management, Information Technology is a Knowledge Management enabler—not the sum total of a Knowledge Management program. It is easy to get caught up in the desire to have state-of-the-art technology in one's firm, but it is imperative that an organization not stake its Knowledge Management program on the purchase of new computer products. The other two sides of the triangle must be accounted for as well.

Knowledge Management practicioners must never forget the human element and the processes that allow Information Technology to work. What follows is a selection of articles describing the value of Information Technology in the realm of Knowledge Management.

Abramson, Gary. "Operation Brain-Trap." CIO Enterprise 13.04 (15 November 1999): 78, 80, 82.

Abramson, Gary. "Wiring the Corporate Brain." CIO 12.11 (March 1999): 30-36.

Agada, John. "Repackaging Information." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Allerton, Haidee E. "Thing One and Thing Two." Training & Development 52 (February 1998): 09.

Alter, Allan E. "Know-How Pays Off." Computerworld 31.02 (13 January 1997): 72.

American Productivity and Quality Center. "Knowledge Management Consortium Bnechmarking Study, Final Report." (1996).

American Productivity and Quality Center. "Using Information Technology to Support Knowledge Management, Final Report." (1997).

Amoroso, Alfred J. and Mary Ann Garwood. "Investing in Technology Is a Matter of Survival." Best’s Review 96.08 (December 1995): 90-92.

Balasubramanian, P. et al. "Managing Process Knowledge for Decision Support." Decision Support Systems 27.01-02 (November 1999): 145-162.

Balisani, Ettore and Enrico Scarso. "Information Technology Management: A Knowledge-Based Perspective." Technovation 19.04 (01 April 1999): 209.

Balla, John et al. "Knowledge Management Comes of Age." Inform 13.07 (July 1999): 22-29.

Berry, John. "Real Knowledge Is Held by People." InternetWeek (10 January 2000): 31.

Berry, John et al. "Securing an Information Future." Library Journal 124.12 (July 1999): 54.

Biggs, Maggie. "Enterprise Toolbox: Resurgent Text-Mining Technology Can Greatly Increase Your Firm's 'Intelligence' Factor." InfoWorld 22.02 (10 January 2000): 52.

Black, Ken. "Internet Search Engines and Knowledge Management." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2000.

Blough, Kay. "In Search of More-Secure Extranets." Informationweek 759 (01 November 1999): 94-100.

Blumentritt, Rolf and Ron Johnston. "Towards a Strategy for Knowledge Management." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 11.03 (September 1999): 287-300.

Boisot, M. and D. Griffiths. "Possession is Nine Tenths of the Law: Managing a Firm’s Knowledge Base in a Regime of Weak Appropriability." International Journal of Technology Management 17.06 662-676.

Bond, James. "The Drivers of the Information Revolution: Cost, Computing Power and Convergence." The Information Revolution and the Future of Telecommunications. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997.

Bond, James. "How Information Infrastructure Is Changing the World." The Information Revolution and the Future of Telecommunications. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997.

Bond, James. "Telecommunications Is Dead, Long Live Networking--The Effect of the Information Revolution on the Telecom Industry." The Information Revolution and the Future of Telecommunications. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997.

Bookstein, Abraham. "Information Coding in the Internet Environment." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Bourdreau, A. and G. Couiliard. "Systems Integration and Knowledge Management." Information Systems Management 16.04 (Fall 1999): 24-32.

Boyd, S. "Operational Knowledge Management: Strategic Alignment and Enterprise Architecture." Cutter IT Journal 12.11 (November 1999): 27-31.

Braga, Carlos A. Primo. "Liberalizing Telecommunications and the Role of the World Trade Organization." The Information Revolution and the Future of Telecommunications. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997.

Braga, Carlos A. Primo and Carsten Fink. "The Private Sector and the Internet." The Information Revolution and the Future of Telecommunications. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997.

Brown, Donna W. "An Ambiguous Relationship with the Internet." Book Report 18.03 (November-December 1999): 38.

Burn, Janice M. and Colin Ash. "Knowledge Management Strategies for Virtual Organisations." Information Resources Management Journal 13.01 (January-March 2000): 15-23.

Carayannia, Elias G. "Fostering Synergies Between Information Technology and Managerial and Organizational Cognition: The Role of Knowledge Management." Technovation 19.04 (01 April 1999): 219.

Chatterji, Deb. "Strategic Impact of the Information Age." Research Technology Management 43.01 (January-February 2000): 35-37.

Chudnov, Daniel. "Open Source Software: The Future of Library Systems?" Library Journal 124.13 (August 1999): 40-43.

Clark, Patricia. "Disciplinary Structures on the Internet." Library Trends 45.02 (Fall 1996): 226-238.

Clippinger, John H. "Visualization of Knowledge: Building and Using Intangible Assets Digitally." Planning Review 23.06 (November-December 1995): 28-32.

Clottes, Francoise. "The Information Revolution and the Role of Government." The Information Revolution and the Future of Telecommunications. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997.

Coleman, David. "Knowledge Management: The Next Golden Egg in Groupware." Computer Reseller News 729 (31 March 1997): 79-80.

"Confusing Terminology." Computerworld (10 January 2000): 68.

Copeland, Lee. "One-Stop Knowledge Shop." Computerworld 34.06 (Feb 7, 2000): 74.

Counsell, J. et al. "Schemebuilder: Computer-Aided Knowledge-Based Design of Mechatronic Systems." Assembly Automation 19.02 129-138.

Cox, E. "What Does Your Company Really Do? Data Fusion in the Era of Knowledge Management." PC AI 13.04 (July-August 1999): 37.

Crossley, M. et al. "The Knowledge Garden." BT Technology Journal 17.01 76-84.

Cuena, J. and M. Molina. "The Role of Knowledge Modelling Techniques in Software Development: A General Approach Based on a Knowledge Management Tool." International Journal of Human Computer Studies 52.03 (01 March 2000): 385-421.

Currid, Cheryl. "The Business of Knowledge." Web Techniques 05.04 (April, 2000): 24.

Darzentas, Jenny. "Sharing Metadata: Enabling Online Information Provision." OCLC Systems and Services 15 (04 November 1999): 172-178.

Davenport, Tom. "Saving IT’s Soul: Human-Centered Information Management." Harvard Business Review (March-April 1994): 119-131.

David, P. A. "The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox." American Economic Review 80.02 355-361.

Davidson, Clive. "The Corporate Brain Transplant." New Statesman 12.574 (27 September 1999): xii.

Dempsey, Larcan. "The Network and the Library: Working in a New Shared Space; Infrastructure and Instiutions." The Electronic Library 17.04 (August 1999): 201-211.

Dieng, R. et al. "Methods and Tools for Corporate Knowledge Management." International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 51.03 (September 1999): 567-598.

DiRomualdo, Anthony and Vijay Gurbaxani. "Strategic Intent for IT Outsourcing." Sloan Management Review 39.04 (Summer 1998): 67-80.

"Document and Knowledge Management: After-Hype: KM Enters Critical Phase." Computing Canada 26.08 (14 April 2000): 13.

Dooley, K. J. et al. "Process Knowledge Bases: Understanding Processes through Cause and Effect Thinking." Human Systems Management 17.04 281-296.

Elam, Dan. "From Push Technology, New Applications Will Emerge." KMWorld 07.02 (23 February 1998): 17-21.

Feldman, Susan and Edmund Yu. "Intelligent Agents: A Primer." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 07.09 (October 1999): 42 .

Fiddler, Ileen. "Knowledge Management and Vocabulary Control." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Field, Judy. "Extranets: A New Tool For Your Future." Computers in Libraries 19.01 (01 October 1998).

Finerty, Pat. "Improving Customer Care Through Knowledge Management." CMA Magazine 71.09 (November 1997): 33.

Fontana, John. "Lotus Knowledge Management Plan Takes Flight." Network World 16.44 (01 November 1999): 14.

Ford, Nigel. "From Information to Knowledge Management: The Role of Rule Induction and Neural Net Machine Learning Techniques in Knowledge Generation." Journal of Information Science Principles and Practice 15.04-05 (1989): 299-304.

Frappaolo, Carl. "What’s in a Name?" 07.03 KMWorld (16 March 1998): 18-19.

Friedman, Sam. "Internet Explosion Is Risky Business." National Underwriter 103.17 (26 April 1999): 13.

Fu, Limin. "Knowledge Discovery Based on Neural Networks." Communications of the ACM 42.11 (November 1999): 47.

"FutureNext: Knowledge Management Expert Keynotes DCI's Data Warehouse World." PR Newswire (25 October 1999) 7834.

Gallivan, M. "Value in Triangulation: A Comparison of Two Approaches for Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods." Liebenau, Lee A. J. and J. De Gross, eds. Qualitative Method in Information Systems. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

Gartner, Gideon. "Grappling with eKnowledge." Computerworld 32.01 (29 December 1997-05 January 1998): 43.

Gibson, Paul. "Knowledge Management Makes it Online: Publisher Web Sites Now Offer a Range of Long-Awaited KM Resources." Information Today 15.06 (June 1998): 46.

Glatzer, Hal. "Software Is the Key to Managing Knowledge." KMWorld 06.16 (17 November 1997): 20, 24.

Goodfellow, Steve. "Consolidating Administrative Duties." KMWorld 06.16 (17 November 1997): 28-29.

Goodfellow, Steve. "Tried (and Trendy) Ways to Secure Your Knowledge." KMWorld 07.12 (November 1998): 21-22.

Gough, C. "Appraising Your Knowledge Management Initiative." Computers and Law 10.03 (August-September 1999): 19-22.

Graves, William and Bud Sonka. "Moving the Network Revolution in Knowledge Management beyond Random Acts of Progress." Serials Librarian 38.01/02 (2000): 25-30.

Gray, Carol Lippert. "Heads Up: Here Comes Your Next IT Challenge." Financial Executive (May-June 1999): 22-23.

Halpern, Marc. "Capitalizing on Knowledge-Based Engineering." Computer-Aided Engineering 19.02 (February 2000): 47.

Hauer, M. "Three Thousand Years of Knowledge Management: What Can We Learn from Science?" Information Services & Use 19.01: 37-44.

Heitor, Manuel and David Gibson. "Knowledge Transfer and Application: Key to Growth." Research Technology Management 42.01 (January-February 1999): 07-08.

Hendriks, P. H. J. "Do Smarter Systems Make for Smarter Organizations?" Decision Support Systems 27.01-02 (November 1999): 197-211.

Hendriks, Paul H. and Dirk J. Vriens. "Knowledge-Based Systems and Knowledge Management: Friends or Foes?" Information & Management 69.01 (February 1999): 113-125.

Holsapple, Clyde W. "Adapting Demons to Knowledge Management Environments." Decision Support Systems 03.04 (December 1987): 289-298.

Janes, Kathy. "KM--A Mental Clearing House for the Mind?" DM Review 09.10 (November 1999): 68-69.

Joachim, David and David Drucker. "Grand Vision, Tall Order: Customers Skeptical That Lotus Can Make Knowledge Management Work." Internetweek (24 January 2000): 01.

Joachim, David and David Drucker. "Knowledge Management Work." InternetWeek (24 January 2000): 01.

Kellogg, C. "From Data Management to Knowledge Management." Computer 19.01 (January 1986): 75-84.

Kempster, Linda S. "Mass Storage: Future Trends and Applications." KMWorld 06.16 (17 November 1997): 16-19, 25-27.

Kennedy, M. L. "Building Blocks for Knowledge Management at Digital Equipment Corporation: The WebLibrary." Information Outlook 01.06 (June 1997): 39-48.

King, Julia. "Customer Reps Play Favorites: Software Clues Them in When Big Spenders Call." Computerworld (08 February 1999): 01.

King, Julia. "Knowledge Management Promotes Sharing." Computerworld 32.24 (15 June 1998): 24.

King, W.R. "Integrating Knowledge Management into IS Strategy." Information Systems Management 16.04 (Fall 1999): 70-72.

Klein, Mark. "Managing Knowledge Drives Key Decisions." National Underwriter 103.13 (29 March 1999): 31.

"KM Market Grows." Computer Dealer News 16.01 (07 January 2000): 20.

"Knowledge Equals Power." InfoWorld 19.46 (17 November 1997): 116-124.

Koenig, Michael E. D. "Data Relationships: Information Retrieval Systems and DataBase Management Systems (DBMS)." Information Technology and Libraries 04.03 (September 1985): 247-272.

Lamont, Judith. "Even-Handed XML Brings Commonality to Diverse Applications." KMWorld 09.05 (June 2000): 10-12.

LaPlante, Alice. "Sharing the Wisdom." Computerworld 31.22 (02 June 1997): 73-74.

LaSalle, Jones Lan. "The Digital Midas Touch." Estates Gazette (06 June 1999): 134-135.

Lattig, Michael. "Tacit Tapping E-mail for Knowledge Sharing." InfoWorld 21.44 (01 November 1999).

Lee, Heeseok and Jae-Woo Joung. "An Enterprise Model Repository: Architecture and System." Journal of Database Management 11.01 (January-March 2000): 16-28.

Lewis, Bob. "IS Survival Guide: Don't Become an E-head. Just Support Your Business Strategy with Technology." InfoWorld 22.08 (21 February 2000): 70.

Lewis, Ted. "Where the Smart Money Is?" Computer 32.11 (November 1999).

Lin, Herbert. "Fluency with Information Technology." Government Information Quarterly 17.01 (2000): 69-76.

Longbottom, Clive. "It’s the Way You Use It." Computing (18 March 1999): 30.

"Lotus White Paper: Lotus, IBM, and Knowledge Management." (1998).

Luke, Michael O. "The Information Future." Online 20.01 (January-February 1996): 65-68.

Macht, Joshua. "Confessions of an Information Sinner." Inc. 21.01 (January 1999): 73-76.

"Making the Knowledge Economy Work for You: Best Practices for Knowledge Sharing Systems." Business Wire (23 February 2000): 1747.

Malcolm, Stanley E. "Where EPSS Will Go from Here." Training 35 (March 1998): 64-66.

Malloy, Amy. "You Have It Now." Computerworld 32.08 (23 February 1998): 78.

Manchester, P. "Tools for Knowledge Management." Financial Times (08 March 1999): 11.

Mascitelli, R. "A Framework for Sustainable Advantage in Global High-Tech Markets." International Journal of Technology Management 17.03 240-258.

Maurer, H. "Web-Based Knowledge Management." Computer 31.03 (March 1998): 122-123.

McCune, Jenny C. "Thirst for Knowledge." Management Review 88.04 (April 1999): 10-12.

McKenna, Brian Martin. "Humanware?" Online & CD-ROM Review 23.01 (February 1999): 43-47.

Mullin, Rick. "Knowledge Management: Hearts and Minds Connect On-Line." Chemical Week (19 January 2000): 28-29.

Musier, Reiner. "Knowledge Management, Integrated Process Software and Work Process Integration Will Drive Process Simulation and Plant Optimization." Chemical Market Reporter 257.13 (27 March 2000): 14-15.

"New Paper-to-Digital Solution from Adobe Unleashes Knowledge Trapped in Paper Documents." PR Newswire 8373 (31 January 2000).

Nissen, M. et al. "Integrated Analysis and Design of Knowledge Systems and Processes." Information Resources Management Journal 13.01 (January-March 2000): 24-43.

O’Leary, D. E. "Knowledge Management Systems: Converting and Connecting." IEEE Intelligent Systems (May-June 1998): 30-33.

Olin, Jack D. et al. "Knowledge Management across Multi-Tier Enterprises: The Promise of Intelligent Software in the Auto Industry." European Management Journal 17.04 (August 1999): 334-347.

Pan, Shan L. and Harry Scarbrough. "Knowledge Management in Practice: An Exploratory Case Study." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 11.03 (September 1999): 359-374.

Pancerella, C.M. and N. M. Berry. "Adding Intelligent Agents to Existing EI Frameworks." IEEE Internet Computing 03.05 (September-October 1999): 60-61.

Pearson, Thomas A. "Measurements and the Knowledge Revolution." Quality Progress 32.09 (September 1999): 31-37.

Pemberton, Jeff and Thomas Pack. "The Cutting-Edge Library at Hewlett-Packard: Bringing Together Knowledge, Access, and Tools." Online 23.05 (September-October 1999): 30-34.

Perez, Ernest. "Knowledge Management in the Library: Not." Database 22.02 (April 1999): 75-78.

Petrovic, Otto et al. "Learning Aspects of Knowledge Management and New Technologies." Journal of European Industrial Training 22.07 (1998): 277-288.

Peuschel, P. et al. "A Knowledge-Based Software Development Environment Supporting Cooperative Work." International Journal on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 02.01 (1992).

Preston, C. M. and C. A. Lynch. "Report of the First International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management." Library Hi-Tech News 102 (May 1993): 07-08.

Pukszta, Helen. "Forget Knowledge Management: Back to Information." Computerworld 33.18 (03 May 1999): 32.

Puzzanghera, P. "The Bigger Picture." Intelligent Enterprise 02.05 38-40, 42, 44.

Quint, Barbara. "Search Engine Designer for Tomorrow: Interview with TextWise’s Elixabeth Liddy." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 06.03 (March 1998): 19-23.

Radding, Alan. "The Rush to XML--Technology Will Let Companies Interact More Easily on the Web." InformationWeek (03 January 2000).

Rischard, Jean-Francois. "Connecting Developing Countries to the Information Technology Revolution." SAIS Review 16 (Winter-Spring 1996): 93-107.

Russom, Philip. "New Directions for Knowledge Management Software." DM Review 09.09 (October 1999): 44-45,49.

Sah, Raaj K. and Joseph E. Striglitz. "Sources of Technological Divergence between Developed and Less Developed Economies." Calvo, G. et al, eds. Debt, Stabilization, and Development. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Sahasrabudhe, Vikas. "Information Technology in Support of Knowledge Management." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Sarel, Michael. "Growth in East Asia: What We Can and What We Cannot Infer." Economic Issues No. 1. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1997.

Sawyer, S. and R. Southwick. "Implementing Client-Server: Issues from the Field." Glasson, B. et al, eds. The International Office of the Future. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

Scarbrough, Harry. "Systems Error." People Management 05.07 (08 April 1999): 68-72.

Schohl, W. and V. Vocke-Schohl. "A System for Universal Knowledge Management Using Online Hosts, the Internet and Internal Intranet-Databases." NFD Information--Wissenschaft und Praxis 50.06 (September 1999): 347-353.

Schroeder, Erica. "Searching for the Right Knowledge." PC Week 16.16 (19 April 1999): 68.

Schwartzwalder, Robert. "The Extraordinary Extranet." EContent 22.06 (December 1999): 70-72.

Seiler, H. "Knowledge Management and Microsoft’s Active Platform2." PC AI 12.05 27-30.

"Share the Knowledge. Knowledge-Management Apps Will Have to Be Integrated with Other Tools to Realize Their Full Potential." Informationweek 752 (13 September 1999): 65.

Shen, Sheldon. "Knowledge Management in Decision Support Systems." Decision Support Systems 03.01 (March 1987): 01-11.

Sherman, Chris. "New Web Map Reveals Previously Unseen ‘Bow-Tie’ Organizational Structure." Information Today 17.07 (July-August 2000): 56.

Simon, E. and W. Bredemeier. "Electronic Information Services as an Instrument for Foreign Advantage." NFD Information--Wissenschaft und Praxis 50.03 (June 1999): 179-186.

Skyrme, D. J. "Knowledge Management Solutions: The IT Contribution." SIGGROUP Bulletin 19.01: 34-39.

Spencer, Harvey. "Capturing Explicit Knowledge." KMWorld 06.18 (01 December 1997): 18.

Steele, N. "United Technologies Corporation Moves to Virtual Information Services." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 24.06 13-16.

Strapko, William. "Knowledge Management: A Fit with Expert Tools." Software Magazine 10.13 (November 1990): 63-66.

Strassmann, Paul A. "The Knowledge Fuss." Computerworld 33.40 (04 October 1999): 46.

Taft, Darryl K. "Stopping Knowledge Overflow: Knowledge Management Tools Still in Developmental Phase." Computer Reseller News 28 February 2000): 59.

Taylor, Volney. "Technology Innovation and Processing Information: Content and Context." Vital Speeches of the Day 65.07 (15 January 1999): 201-204.

Terveen, Loren G. et al. "Living Design Memory: Framework, Implementation, Lessons Learned." Human-Computer Interaction 10.01 (1995): 01-37.

"TFPL Survey of Knowledge Management Roles and Skills." Program-Electronic Library and Information Systems 34.01 (January 2000): 113-114.

Tidd, Ronald R. "Web Search Engines and Directories: The First Step in Knowledge Management." Taxes 77.10 (October 1999): 05-06.

Tolomen, Eva. "Facing Future Users: The Challenge of Transforming a Traditional Online Database into a Web Service." OCLC Systems and Services 15 (04 November 1999): 160-164.

Trembly, Ara C. "Managing Knowledge Takes More than Tech." National Underwriter (Property & Casualty/Risk & Benefits Management Edition) 103.20 (17 May 1999): 47.

Tuomi, Ilkka. "Data Is More Than Knowledge: Implications of the Reversed Knowledge Hierarchy for Knowledge Management and Organizational Memory." Journal of Management Information Systems: JMIS 16.03 (1999): 103-118.

Turner, Mary Johnston. "Migrating to Network-Based Application Services." Business Communications Review 29.02 (February 1999): 48-51.

Tyler, G. "Well, What D’ya Know?" Management Services 43.06 28-31.

Tyler, G. "How to Be a Know-All." Management Accounting 78.01 (January 2000): 32-34.

Ubois, Jeff. "From Web Sites to Knowledge Management." Midrange Systems 10.19 (28 November 1997): 24.

Vassallo, P. "The Knowledge Continuum: Organizing for Research and Scholarly Communication." Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy 09.03 232-242.

Violino, Bob. "Customer at the Core." InformationWeek (27 September 1999): 302-308.

"The Virtual Office: Groupware Creates Consultants’ Office Without Walls." San Francisco Business Times 12.18 (19 December 1997): S06-S07.

Warner, Julian. "On Universality in Productive and Information Technology." ASLIB Proceedings 41.05 (May 1999): 167-171.

Watkins, Karen E. and Mary Wilson Callahan. "Return on Knowledge Assets: Rethinking Investments in Educational Technology." Educational Technology 38.04 (July-August 1998): 33-40.

Watson, Gregory H. "Bringing Quality to the Masses: The Miracle of Loaves and Fishes." Quality Progress 3.06 (June 1998): 29-32.

Weinberger, D. "Unmanaging Knowledge." Cutter IT Journal 12.11 (November 1999): 32-35.

Westbrook, Lynn. "Pinning the Shift: Examining the Impact of Information Technology on Personal and Institutional Roles." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 26.01 (January 2000): 59-63.

White, Curt M. "Telecommunications and Networks in Knowledge Management." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Wilck, Jennifer. "IT Drivers Are Myriad for Chemical Manufacturers." Chemical Market Reporter 251 (19 May 1997): 21.

Wilson, L. T. and C. A. Snyder. "Knowledge Management and IT: How Are They Related?" IT Professional 01.02 73-75.

Young, Kung. "Put All Your Eggs in One Basket." Banker 150.890 (April 2000): 104-105.

Zimmerman, Kim Ann. "Collaborative Computing: A Must for Government." KMWorld 07.04 (30 March 2000): 16-18.

Zoellick, Bill. "New Level of Integration or New Technology?" KMWorld 07.03 (16 March 2000): 32-33.

Information Technology, as stated earlier, has had a major impact on the evolution and development of Knowledge Management. One of the applications of Information Technology to evolve that has had a singularly potent effect on Knowledge Management is the Intranet—an internal network of connected work stations and servers whose purpose is to link related (or seemingly unrelated) functions and personnel in an effort to make Knowledge Sharing and Knowledge Management easier, faster, and more efficient.

The Intranet is a powerful tool, but it is just that--a tool. Regardless of its power, its potential, or its reach, Information Technology still has one shortfall--it cannot create knowledge. Information Technology provides a platform for it, stores it, and makes it accessible, but it cannot create it. The human element is still the over-riding factor that makes Knowledge Management what it is.

Tools do not create. Tools allow work to be done in a more effective manner. Used properly, it is an effective and very efficient vehicle to facilitate Knowledge Sharing, and Intranets do a wonderful job facilitating Knowledge Management. The following articles discuss the creation, evolution, and current uses of Intranets.

Adourian, A. and K. Schweyer. "Intranets and the Proactive Librarian." Information Outlook 01.07 (July 1997): 19-22.

Ba, S. L. et al. "Enterprise Decision Support Using Intranet Technology." Decision Support Systems 20.02 (June 1997): 99-134.

Ball, G. and P. Dilworth. "The Milton Keynes Clinical Intranet." BJHC&IM: British Journal of Healthcare Computing & Information Management 16.05 42.

Campalans, A. et al. "Exploiting Intranets for Knowledge Management and Information Sharing." Journal of Business and Financial Librarianship 03.01 (1997): 27-39.

Cohen, Sacha. "Knowledge Management’s Killer App." Training & Development 52.01 (January 1998): 50-57.

Dyer, J. H. and K. Nobeoka. "Creating and Managing a High-Performance Knowledge-Sharing Network: The Toyota Case." Strategic Management Journal 21.03 (March 2000): 345-367.

Fichter, Darlene. "Intranets: Librarians, Dive In!" Online 23.03 (May 1999): 107.

Fishenden, J. "Managing Intranets to Improve Business Process." ASLIB Proceedings 49.04 (April 1997): 90-96.

Fletcher, Liz. "Information Retrieval for Intranets: The Case for Knowledge Management." Document World 02.05 (September-October 1997): 32-34.

Ford, P. "Open Sesame!" Business & Technology (September 1999): 58.

Gardner, Dana. "Get Smart." InfoWorld 20.14 (06 April 1998): 97-98.

Gillman, P. "Evaluating the Intranet as Part of Your Knowledge Management Strategy." ASLIB Proceedings 49.02 (February 1997): 27-52.

Gladstone, Bryan and John Kawalek. "Problems on the Virtual Shop Floor." Knowledge Directions 01 (Spring 1999): 06-15.

Glickenhaus, Lee H. "Knowledge Transfer: Breaking Boundaries with Web-Based Networks." Law Practice Management 25.02 (01 March 1999): 24.

Goodfellow, Stephen F. "Document Management and Your Intranet: A Perfect Match." OfficeSystems98 16.04 (April 1999): 26-30.

Greengard, Samuel. "How to Fulfill Technology’s Promise." Workforce 78.02 (February 1999): 10-19.

Haimila, Sandra. "PricewaterhouseCoopers Tracks Single Path to Content from a Myriad of Databases." KMWorld 09.05 (June 2000): 08.

Hoard, Bruce. "Intranet Success: The Dos." KMWorld 07.05 (27 April 2000): 32, 33.

"An Intranet Renaissance." Training & Development 53.08 (August 1999): 24.

"Intranets Are Not Instant Knowledge Management Systems." Information Outlook 02.09 (September 1998): 42.

"Intranets Fail as Knowledge Management Systems, Largely Because IT Doesn't Let Them Reach Far Enough, Analysts Warn." Computerworld 34.10 (2000): 28-31.

"Intranets: Transforming Information Management." Information Outlook 02.06 (June 1998): 13.

"IRC Notes." Information Outlook 02.09 (01 September 1998): 42.

Kepczyk, Roman H. "Intranets: The First Step to Knowledge Management." Accounting Today 13.21 (22 November 1999): 22, 25.

"Managing the Corporate Mind." Internal Auditor 55.02 (April 1998): 13-18.

Maurer, H. "Internet and Intranet Are More Than Just Support for Training and Education." Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 116.09 (1999): 491-494.

McCune, Jenny C. "MGMT Tech/Practices." Management Review 88.04 (01 April 1999): 10.

McQueen, Howard and Jean E. DeMatteo. "Intranets: New Opportunities for Information Professionals." Online 23.01 (January 1999): 14-22.

"Net Perceptions Delivers First Real-Time Personalization Product for Intranets and Knowledge Management." PR Newswire (October 06, 1999) 0721.

Pangaro, Paul. "Meta Data Can Turn an Enterprise Intranet Dream into a Corporate Reality." InfoWorld 21.30 (26 July 1999).

Robinson, Heather. "The Development of an Intranet as a Knowledge Management Tool." Law Librarian 31.02 (June 1999): 95-97.

Schrage, Michael. "When Best Practices Meet the Intranet, Innovation Takes a Holiday." Fortune 139.06 (29 March 1999): 198.

Scott, J. E. "Organizational Knowledge and the Intranet." Decision Support Systems 23.01 (May 1998): 03-17.

Smith, Laura B. "The Thinkers." PC Week 13.31 (05 August 1996): E01-E02.

Solomon, Marc. "What If You Gave an Online Party and Everyone Logged In? Or, How I Stopped Worrying and Learned To Love Intranets." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 05.04 (April 1997): 34-36, 38-40.

Stackpole, Beth. "The Pitch for Portals." PC Week 16.14 (05 April 1999): 73.

"A Talk with Patricia Foy: Director of Knowledge Strategies, Coopers & Lybrand." Information Advisor 02.01 (March 1998): 03-04.

Woodun, C. and R. O'Donnell. "Intranets: A Methodology for Implementation." McKenna, B. et al, eds. Online Information 98: Proceedings. Oxford: Learned Information Europe Ltd, 1998.

Woolliams, B. "Intranet Evolution: The Intranet in Your Business." McKenna, B. et al, eds. Online Information 98. Proceedings Oxford: Learned Information Europe Ltd, 1998.

Any field of endeavor, if it is alive and well, is constantly changing. As it changes, decisions must be made in order to keep the current hardware and software system as useful and up-to-date as possible. Every concept or every hardware or software system does not work for every Knowledge Management program. Decisions must be made as to what combination of human endeavor, process, and technology will best suit a given situation.

The Technology Boom, as mentioned earlier, has made a significant impact upon the field of Knowledge Management. Innovations such as DSL, groupware, Intranets, ISDN, LotusNotes, and shareware have allowed Knowledge Management professionals to customize the hardware and software they use. As everyone who uses computers knows, the most current applications are being modified and improved all of the time.

Every organization has some knowledge needs in common with other businesses. However, depending on its specific field of expertise, it will also have very specific needs, as well. The challenge in creating these Application Packages is to make them as flexible as possible. The systems need to be able to allow not only the creation of any specific functions a firm might need to have, but also be compatible with the hardware and software system the organization is currently using. The system must have the flexibility to expand as the needs of the Knowledge Management program grow, as well.

One error that many firms make is not taking advantage of the knowledge of those who use the system day in and day out. After all, who is better to qualified to discuss a given job function and its corresponding system than those who do it day in and day out?

This group of articles not only discusses the technology that is available, it also provides some commentary on the suitability of these programs for various organizations, processes, and users.

Adams, Steve. "Knowledge Management." Inform 11.10 (November 1997): 10-13.

Adhikari, Richard. "On the GrapeVine." InformationWeek 647 (08 September 1997): 120-122.

Angus, Jeff. "For Some, a Solid Knowledge-Management Foundation." InformationWeek 777 (13 March 2000): 94-95.

Angus, Jeff et al. "Knowledge Management: Great Concept…But What Is It? Part 1 of 2." InformationWeek (16 March 1998): 58-60.

Angus, Jeff et al. "Knowledge Management: Great Concept…But What Is It? Part 2 of 2." InformationWeek (16 March 1998): 62-64.

Arunachalam, Subbiah. "Information and Knowledge in the Age of Electronic Communication: A Developing Country Perspective." Journal of Information Science 25.06 (1999): 465-476.

Blake, P. and C. Rabie. "Tooling Up for a Revolution." Information World Review 132 (January 1998): 15-16.

Bock, G. E. "Information Retrieval Tools for Knowledge Management." Workgroup Computing Report 21.01 (January 1998): 03-25.

Bock, G. E. "Knowledge Management Frameworks." Workgroup Computing Report 20.02 (February 1997): 03-22.

Cole-Gomolski, Barb. "Finding the Knowledge You Need." Computerworld 32.18 (04 May 1998): 69-70.

Dalrymple, Prudence. "Knowledge Management in the Health Sciences." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Darrow, Barbara, and Lee Copeland. "Lotus Looks to Break Ground in Knowledge Management." Computer Reseller News 773 (26 January 1998): 03-06.

Davenport, Tom. "The Knowledge Biz." CIO 11.04 (15 November 1997): 32-34.

Davenport, Tom. "We Have the Techknowledgy." CIO 09.21 (15 September 1996): 36-38.

DiCarlo, Lisa. "Lotus Hopes That Knowledge Is Power." PC Week (24 January 2000): 14.

Evans, Storm M. "Product Watch. New Products and Services Can Help You Improve Document Assembly, Time Reporting, Whiteboard Applications and `Legal Knowledge’ Management and Distribution." Law Practice Management 26.01 (01 January 2000): 24.

Fusaro, Roberta. "IBM/Lotus to Tackle Information Overload." Computerworld 32.26 (29 June 1998): 24.

Hibbard, Justin. "Ernst & Young Deploys App for Knowledge Management." InformationWeek (28 July 1997): 28.

Hibbard, Justin. "Lotus Takes on Knowledge Management." InformationWeek (02 February 1998): 26.

Hibbard, Justin. "Notes Goes Real-Time." InformationWeek (15 June 1998): 28.

Hodgson, Cynthia A. "Creating an Experts Database." EContent 22.05 (October-November 1999): 14-21.

"HP and Notable Solutions Inc. to Integrate Paper Documents Into Microsoft Knowledge Management and Messaging Applications." Business Wire (01 February 2000) 0495.

Liebowitz, J. "Expert Systems: An Integral Part of Knowledge Management." Kybernetes 27.02 (1998): 170-175.

Marshak, D. S. "Organizational Knowledge Management: New Approaches from Information and PFN." Workgroup Computing Report 20.08 (August 1997): 03-19.

McNamara, Paul. "Lotus Gives Knowledge Management Brain Dump." Network World 15.26 (20 June 1998): 91.

McNamara, Paul. "Notes to Ride the Knowledge Management Wave." Network World 15.05 (02 February 1998): 10.

Melymuka, Kathleen. "Showing the Value of Brainpower." Computerworld 34.13 (27 March 2000): 58-59.

Platt, Nina. "Knowledge Management: Can It Exist in a Law Office?" Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Ryske, Ellen J. and Theresa B. Sebastian. "From Library to Knowledge Center: The Evolution of a Technology Infocenter." Srikantaiah, Kanti and Michael E. D. Koenig, eds. Knowledge Management for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1999.

Schwartzwalder, Robert. "Manifesto: Seizing the Initiative in the Information Economy." EContent 23.01 (February-March 2000): 60-63.

Shadbolt, Nigel et al. "From Knowledge Engineering to Knowledge Management." British Journal of Management 10.04 (1999): 309-322.

Slack, Frances and Jennifer Rowley. "Pathways to Knowledge: A Perspective on Information Technology and Knowledge Delivery in Australia." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 31.04 (December 1999): 197-203.

"Software for Knowledge Management." Online 21.05 (September-October 1997): 96.

Solomon, Marc. "Knowledge Management Tools for Knowledge Managers: Filling the Gap between Finding Information and Applying It." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 05.03 (March 1997): 10-14.

"Two Schools of Knowledge." InformationWeek (17 August 1998): 45.

Vedel, M. "Group Therapy--Groupware." Application Development Advisor 01.04 (March-April 1998): 52-55.

Walker, Christy. "Notes 5.0 Bets Is on Track: Lotus CEO Papows Focuses on Knowledge Management." PC Week 15.19 (11 May 1998): 19.

Walker, Christy. "New Ways to Make Data Pay: Knowledge Management Technology Improves Analysis and Decision-Making." PC Week 15.34 (24 August 1998): 14.

Ward, Jonathan. "In the Know." Engineering 240.09 (October 1999): 75-76.

Willett, Shawn and Lee Copeland. "Knowledge Management Key to IBM’s Enterprise Plan." Computer Reseller News 800 (27 July 1998): 01, 06.

The newer the field, the faster and more numerous the changes within the field--especially if it is being adopted by more and more organizations. Throughout this Bibliography, virtually all of the discussion has linked Knowledge Management and the world of business. That is not to say that the only discipline that can apply Knowledge Management to its operations is business-related. In my opinion, the best thing about Knowledge Management is its ability to be applied to virtually any organization, whether it is non-profit or for profit, or in the private sector or in the public sector.

Even though two organizations are vastly different in their missions, goals, and objectives, it is certainly possible, if not probable that they have many knowledge requirements that are similar. The value of Knowledge Management is that its application is broad enough to allow interdisciplinary commonalities to be dealt with, and it can also be specific enough to deal with the proverbial one-in-a-million situation.

The existence and proliferation of interdisciplinary work has re-emphasized the fact that not all of the most current, usable information will come solely from within one given area of expertise. Therefore, Information Professionals must be aware of developments in other areas, being alert for improvements that begin in a different field, yet have uses that can be transferred to and assist in their work in a different field of study. The awareness of happenings in other areas of study is part of what makes Knowledge Management practitioners unique—the ability to see not only the developments within one function, but also take them, modify or improve their underlying mechanisms and apply these functions to other, seemingly unrelated operations.

This group of writings is an effort to provide an overview of some of the more recent programs and innovations in Knowledge Management being pursued in various applications.

Anthes, Gary H. "Learning How to Share." Computerworld 32 (23 February 1998): 75-77.

Ash, Jerry. "State of KM Practice among Early Adopters." Knowledge Inc. (August 1997).

Barron, Daniel D. "Knowledge Management for the New Millennium: The Next Step for School Library Media Specialists." School Library Media Activities Monthly 16.05 (January 2000): 48-51.

Bernhardt, S. A. and G. A. McCulley. "Knowledge Management and Pharmaceutical Development Teams: Using Writing to Guide Science." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 43.01 (March 2000): 22-34.

Boone, Mary E. "A Group Brain is Better than One." Sales & Marketing Management 151.11 (November 1999): 141-142.

Buckman, Robert H., Ph. D. "Knowledge Sharing at Buckman Labs." Journal of Business Strategy 19.01 (January 1998): 10-15.

Bukowitz, Wendi R. and Ruth L. Williams. "Looking through the Knowledge Glass." CIO 13.02 (15 October 1999): 76-85.

Burn, Janice M. and Colin Ash. "Knowledge Management Strategies for Virtual Organisations." Information Resources Management Journal 13.01 (January-March 2000): 15-23.

Carrillo, J. E. and C. Gaimon. "Improving Manufacturing Performance through Process Change and Knowledge Creation." Management Science 46.02 (February 2000): 265-288.

Cerny, Keith. "Making Local Knowledge Global." Harvard Business Review (May-June 1996): 22.

Cole-Gomolski, Barb. "Corporate Strategist: Gordon Petrash." Computerworld 32.01 (29 December 1997-05 January 1998): 49-50.

Collins, Rod. "Auditing in the Knowledge Era." Internal Auditor 56.03 (June 1999): 26-31.

Davenport, Thomas H. et al. "Successful Knowledge Management Projects." Sloan Management Review 39.02 (Winter 1998): 43-57.

David, Ian. "Doing the Knowledge." Professional Engineering 11.11 (10 June 1998): 29-30.

Davis, Michael C. "Knowledge Management." Information Strategy: The Executive’s Journal 15.01 (Fall 1998): 11-22.

Dearstyne, Bruce W. "Records Management of the Future: Anticipate, Adapt, and Succeed." Information Management Journal 33.04 (October 1999): 04-18.

Dillon, Martin. "Knowledge Management Opportunities for Libraries and Universities." Library and Information Science Annual 07 (1999): 03-11.

Dorfman, Peter. "Towards a Knowledge-Based Customer Support Program." Knowledge Management Review 01.04 (1998): 24-33.

Elliott, Susan. "APQC Conference Attendees Discover the Value and Enablers of a Successful KM Program." Knowledge Management in Practice (December 1996-January 1997): 01-05.

Emmott, Lyle C. "Knowledge Management Systems: Maintenance on the Front Lines." Plant Engineering 53.09 (September 1999): 40-44.

Emmott, Lyle C. "Management Side of Engineering." Plant Engineering 53.09 (September 1999): 40.

Eppler, Martin J. and Oliver Sukowski. "Managing Team Knowledge: Core Processes, Tools and Enabling Factors." European Management Journal 18.03 (2000): 334.

"Finance and Economics: Knowledge Gap." Economist 353.8141 (16 October 1999): 80-81.

Flanagan, Robert J. "Knowledge Management in Global Organizations in the 21st Century." HRMagazine 44.11 (1999): 54-55.

Githens, Gregory D. "Capturing Project Requirements and Knowledge." PM Network 14.02 (February 2000): 49-50, 53, 55-59. OA

Gosling, Paul. "Patterns of Evidence." Knowledge Management (December 1999-January 2000): 10-11.

"Government-Best Practice-Audit Office Guides to Better Management-Years of Knowledge Condensed into Practical Guides." Australian CPA 70.05 (2000): 78-79.

Graves, William and Bud Sonka. "Plenary Sessions-Moving the Network Revolution in Knowledge Management beyond Random Acts of Progress." The Serials Librarian 38.01 (2000): 25-30.

Hafstad, Sissel. "The Knowledge Management Process in a Business School Environment." Business Information Review 14.03 (September 1997): 135-140.

Haimila, Sandra. "Harvesting Pure Knowledge for the National Organic Program." KMWorld 08.02 (February 1999): 28.

Hamilton, F. "Knowledge Management in the Oil and Gas Industry." Information Management Report (April 1997): 18-19.

Hibbard, Justin and Karen M. Carrillo. "Knowledge Revolution: Getting Employees to Share What They Know Is No Longer a Technology Challenge. It's a Corporate Culture Challenge." InformationWeek (05 January 1998): 49-54.

Hildebrand, Carol. "Experts for Hire." CIO (15 April 1995): 32-40.

"Management with E & Y Kenneth Leventhal Real Estate Group." Real Estate Forum 53.03 (March 1998): 92-93.

Jahnke, Art. "Share Ware." CIO 11.18 (01 July 1998): 10.

Johnson, Donald E. L. "Making Knowledge Management a Priority." Health Care Strategic Management 15.04 (April 1997): 02-03.

Knapp, Ellen M. "Knowledge Management." Business and Economic Review 44.04 (July-September 1998): 03-06.

"Knowledge Management: How to Make It Work." Management Today (August 1997): 31.

"Knowledge Management: The Era of Shared Ideas." Forbes 160.06 (22 September 1997): F28.

Koch, Christopher. "Reap What You Know." CIO 10.14 (01 May 1997): 118-122.

Lohrke, C. T. et al. "Analytical Laboratory: World Class Distinction with World-Wide Connection: From Managing Instrumentation to Managing Knowledge." Laboratory Automation and Information Management 34.01 (October 1999): 41-49.

Manville, Brook and Nathaniel Foote. "Harvest Your Workers’ Knowledge." Datamation 42.13 (July 1996): 78-82.

Martin, W. J. "Approaches to the Measurement of the Impact of Knowledge Management Programmes." Journal of Information Science 26.01 (2000): 21-27.

Mariotti, John. "Four Formulas for Success." Industry Week 248.18 (04 October 1999): 66.

Martin, Justin. "Are You as Good as You Think You Are?" Fortune 134.06 (30 September 1996): 142-152.

Martin, W. J. "Approaches to the Measurement of the Impact of Knowledge Management Programmes." Journal of Information Science 26.01 (2000): 21-27.

Martinez, Michelle Neely. "The Collective Power of Employee Knowledge." HR Magazine 43 (February 1998): 88-94.

May, Thornton. "Sailing the Seven C’s of Knowledge Management." Insights Perspectives (01 April 1996).

McKenna, Brian. "Reaching New Audiences, Speaking New Languages." Knowledge Management (December 1999-January 2000): 21-23.

Mineau, G. W. et al. "Conceptual Modeling for Data and Knowledge Management." Data & Knowledge Engineering 33.02 (2000): 137-168.

Mullin, Rick. "Knowledge Management: A Cultural Evolution." Journal of Business Strategy 17.05 (September-October 1996): 56-59.

Nickerson-Tietze, Donna J. "Community-Based Management for Sustainable Fisheries Resources in Phang-nga Bay, Thailand." Coastal Management 28.01 (2000): 65.

Odem, Peggy and Carla O’Dell. "Invented Here: How Sequent Computer Publishes Knowledge." Journal of Business Strategy 19 (January-February 1998).

O’Leary, D. E. "Using AI in Knowledge Management: Knowledge Bases and Ontologies." IEEE Intelligent Systems 13.03 (May-June 1998): 34-39.

Olonoff, Neil. "Knowledge Management and Project Management." PM Network 14.02 (February 2000): 61-64. OA

Payne, Laurie W. "Managing Knowledge at Monsanto Brings Excitement to the Word `Change’." Knowledge Management in Practice (October-November 1997): 01-08.

Payne, Laurie W. "Making Knowledge Management Real at the National Security Agency." Knowledge Management in Practice (August-Septmber 1997): 01-08.

Phillips, Tessy and Mike Vollmer. "Knowledge Management in the Current Marketplace." Oil and Gas Journal 98.13 (27 March 2000): 04.

Prokesch, Steven E. "Unleashing the Power of Learning: An Interview with British Petroleum’s John Browne." Harvard Business Review (September-October 1997): 146-148.

Quinn, James Brian. "Strategic Outsourcing: Leveraging Knowledge Capabilities." Sloan Management Review 40.04 (Summer 1999): 09-21.

Ratzek, W. and M. Zwicker. "Integrated Knowledge Management as the Future Strategic Success Factor?" NFD Information--Wissenschaft und Praxis 50.06 (September 1999): 339-346.

Sacks, Jennifer. "Managing Knowledge: How the Delphi Group Seeks to Help Business." LatinFinance 110 (September 1999): 49.

Schein, Esther. "Keeping the Motor Humming with Data." PC Week 15.06 (09 February 1998): 75-77.

Sprague, Robert D. "Creating Knowledge Management Systems for Law Firms." Los Angeles Lawyer 21.11 (01 February 1999): 15.

Strawser, Corydon. "Building Effective Knowledge Management Solutions." Journal of Healthcare Information Management 14.01 (2000): 73-80.

Stucki, Heinz and Gregg L. Andrews. "Knowledge-Based Economic Development: A Simplified Model for Practitioners." Economic Development Review 16.02 (1999): 97-100.

Taylor, Andrew and Tom Oates. "Technology as Knowledge: Towards a New Perspective on Knowledge Management in Electronics." International Journal of Technological Management 11.03-04 (1996): 296-314.

Tidline, Toniya J. "The Mythology of Information Overload." Library Trends 47.03 (Winter 1999): 485-506.

"Unearthing Your Company's Hidden Knowledge: How to Create a Best Practice Identification System." Business Wire (05 January 2000) 0508.

Voorhees, Mark. "If Only We Knew Then What We Know Now." National Law Journal 22.17 (20 December 1999): B17.

Wah, Louisa. "Making Knowledge Stick." Management Review 88.05 (May 1999): 24-29.

Weigend, A. S. et al. "Exploiting Hierarchy in Text Categorization." Information Retrieval 01.03 (1999): 193-216.

Whitehead, Mark. "Collection Time." People Management 05.21 (28 October 1999): 68-69.

Woytek, Reinhard. "Indigenous Knowledge for Development." Knowledge and Learning Center, Africa Region, World Bank. (November 1998): 01-05.

Yeh, Jian-Hua et al. "Content and Knowledge Management in a Digital Library and Museum." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51.04 (01 March 2000): 371-379.

Ziarko, Wojciech. "Discovery through Rough Set Theory." Communications of the ACM 42.11 (November 1999): 54.

New equipment, new or changed job functions, new employees, new procedures, and new subjects of study—all of these things require training to provide both current users and new employees with the necessary skills to be able to use the change agents in the most effective and efficient ways possible.

Knowledge Management is the perfect vehicle to increase the value of employee training. By its very nature, Knowledge Management seeks to create an environment which includes Shared Knowledge, functions that can be shared throughout the organization. What better place to start involving employees in a Knowledge Management program than in Initial or Continuation Training? If a new employee is given training emphasizing the value and necessity of Knowledge Management, then he or she will work using Knowledge Management as a foundation.

The main issue with change that most current employees in an organization have is the alleged value of all of the changes. By using Knowledge Management techniques in Continuation Training; e. g., the creation of a Best Practices database, or by demonstrating the benefits of Shared Knowledge, the skeptical employee can see first-hand the true value of Knowledge Management which is to make him or her a more effective and skilled employee. An employee who has performed a given function for an extended period of time often forgets to pass on relevant Tacit Knowledge to new employees. Is it an intentional slight? No. After a period of time, many operations become so ingrained that they become automatic—almost instinctive, and so the training employee doesn’t think to pass this information to others. As a result, the previously skeptical employee can become an agent for change rather than someone who goes back to the workplace decrying the change as yet another soon-to-fail management technique.

The flexibility and innovations that have made Knowledge Management such a valuable tool in the business world can make a substantial contribution in the area of Human Relations and Training as well. After all, how much value does an untrained or under-trained employee have?

"@work-Best of the Web-We Pick 20 Top Training- and Workplace-Related Websites about e-learning, Knowledge Management, Small Business, and More." Training & Development 54.05 (2000): 26-33.

Adler, Paul S. and Robert E. Cole. "Designed for Learning: A Tale of Two Auto Plants." Sloan Management Review 34.03 (Spring 1993): 85-94.

Alonzo, Vincent. "Ernst & Young LLP." Incentive 172.06 (June 1998): 26-27.

Bassi, Laurie J. et al. "Training Industry Trends 1997." Training & Development 51 (November 1997): 46-50.

Bennett, James C. "Achieving Professional Excellence for a New Century." Information Management Journal 33.02 (April 1999): 36-42.

Calvacca, Lorraine. "Training for the Bottom Line." Folio 27.04 (15 March 1998): 32-34.

Chaudron, David. "Global Training Gets High-Tech at Buckman Labs." HR Focus 75.04 (April 1998): S12.

Densford, Lynn E. "General Motors University: Overseeing Training for 650,000." Corporate University Review 06.02 (March 1998): 08-09.

Eisenberg, Howard. "Reengineering and Dumbsizing: Mismanagement of the Knowledge Resource." Quality Progress 30.05 (May 1997): 57-64.

Galagan, Patricia. "Bullet Train." Training & Development 53.07 (July 1999): 22-28.

Houlder, Vanessa. "How to Turn an Average Worker into a Star." Financial Times (23 May 1997): 17-18.

Kenyon, Henry S. "Volvo University: Building a Culture of Customer Satisfaction." Corporate University Review (01 February 1998).

Kleiner, A. and G. Ruth. "How to Make Experience Your Company’s Best Teacher." Harvard Business Review 75.05 172-177.

Koenig, M. E. D. and Kanti Srikantaiah. "Education for Knowledge Management." Information Services & Use 19.01 17-31.

Levin, Rich. "Train at the Speed of Change." InformationWeek (08 June 1998): 01A-05A.

Masie, Elliot. "Embedded Learning and Support Is Worthy Investment." Computer Reseller News (03 January 2000): 35.

"Measuring Training’s Contribution to Intellectual Capital." Training 35 (March 1998): 14-16.

Nofsinger, Mary Ann. "Training and Re-Training Reference Professionals: Core Competencies for the 21^st Century." The Reference Librarian 64:09.

Petrovic, Otto et al. "Learning Aspects of Knowledge Management and New Technologies." Journal of European Industrial Training 22.07 (1998): 277-288.

Rossett, Allison. "Knowledge Management Meets Analysis." Training & Development 53.05 (May 1999): 62-68.

Smythe, David. "Facing the Future: Preparing New Information Professionals." Information Management Journal 33.02 (April 1999): 44-46.

Srikantaiah, Kanti. LIS 880 Knowledge Management Course Syllabus: Fall 1998. Dominican University, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, River Forest, IL.

Stamps, David. "Enterprise Training: This Changes Everything: Just When You Thought Reengineering Had Run Its Course, It’s Back Again. This Time It Comes with a Knowledge Management Twist That Heralds Real Changes for How Organizational Learning May Happen in the Future." Training 36.01 (1999): 40.

Steen, Margaret. "Training for the Future." InfoWorld 100.01 (26 October 1998).

Switzer, John. "Managing Human Capital." Banking Strategies 72 (November-December 1996): 50-55.

Van Braekel, Pieter. "Teaching Information Management via a Web-Based Course." The Electronic Library 17.06 (December 1999): 389-394.

Five years ago, approximately 20 % of Fortune 500 companies had Web sites. Now, that number is 100 %. Why? Because the value of a presence on the World Wide Web has been proven to be a prerequisite to doing business in the 21^st Century.

The question now becomes how to be successful in this new medium. Obviously, old procedures and policies will not work in this new, rapidly changing environment. How does an organization provide quality service in a virtual environment without alluring merchandise displays or helpful sales staff? The ambiance, the individualized customer service, and the physical presence of a store will no longer exist. Does that mean that customers will accept poor service since the transaction is completed on the computer? Absolutely not.

Knowledge Management is the key to keeping customer loyalty while changing customer’s perceptions about this new environment. Employees and managers will have to learn a new set of skills to satisfy the new needs that this medium creates. The effective and efficient use of knowledge is more important than ever. Should a problem occur with a shipment, there may not be a "manager" to whom the customer can complain in person. The lack of interpersonal contact exists, but by using Knowledge Management techniques ranging from Best Practices to Shared Knowledge, the problems can be rectified without any long-term damage to the customer-provider relationship.

These articles look at the fleeting present and the long-term future of the phenomenon that allows consumers to go "into" almost any store or business without leaving their home or office.

"AMS Study Finds Vast Opportunity for Telecommunications Firms to Exploit eCommerce." PR Newswire (25 August 1999) 6105.

"AMS Taps Renowned Experts to Launch Electronic-Commerce-in-Government Initiatives." PR Newswire (02 August 1999) 3568.

Berry, John. "Traditional Training Fades in Favor of E-Learning: Internet Economy Demands a More Flexible Training Approach. InternetWeek (14 February 2000): 33.

Bloor, Robin. "Dealing with eCommerce." Computing (20 May 1999): 28.

Brien, John P. "Working the New Digital Information Economy: Mastering Customer Relationships; Some Management Strategies for Online Development." LASIE 30.02 (June 1999): 27-33.

Buchanan, Doug. "Finance One Makes Moves to Raise Internet Commerce." Business First-Columbus 15.22 (22 January 1999): 05.

Cahners Publishing Company. "Internet-Ation without Taxation." Electronic News 44 (August 10, 1998): 54.

Carr, Nicholas G. "Redesigning Business." Harvard Business Review 77.06 (November-December 1999): 19.

Chabrow, Eric. "Seeking the Deeper Path to E-Success--Companies That Use a Combination of E-Business Best Practices and Value Commitment as Much as Investment Are Realizing Returns in Terms of More Customers, Lower Costs, and Market Creation." InformationWeek (06 March 2000): 48.

Charlesworth, Andrew. "How to…Build an eCommerce System." Computing (04 December 1997): 66.

Choy, Jorina. " `Strong Foundation and Cultural Values’ Key to E-Success." Asia Computer Weekly (30November 1999).

Chuck, Lysabeth B. "The Virtual Taxman Cometh: Looming Issues for Internet Commerce." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 06 (May 1998): 36-44.

"Companies Prepare for eCommerce." Marketing (16 July 1998): 18.

Currie, Antony. "We Gotta Get out of This Place..." Euromoney 371 (March 2000): 06.

Dalton, Gregory and Sean Gallagher. "Online Data's Fine Line." InformationWeek (29 March 1999): 18-20.

De Feo, Joseph. "Fashion Will Suffocate IT." Computing (15 October 1998): 34.

Drury, James and Don Van Doren. "Realistic Choices for Web-Based Call Centers." Business Communications Review 29.06 (June 1999): 56-61.

Dudman, Jane. "Putting Value into the Chain." Computing (26 November 1998): 53.

"e.biz." Business Week (05 June 2000): EB01-EB126.

"e-commerce." Fortune Technology Guide (Summer 2000): 40-187.

"E-commerce News." Accounting Technology 15.07 (August 1999): 16.

"eCommerce.com and Extant-Asia to Launch eCommerce Portal for China." Business Wire (03 January 2000) 0082.

Evans, Philip and Thomas S. Wurster. "Getting Real About Virtual Commerce." Harvard Business Review 77.06 (November-December 1999): 85.

Everett, Cath. "Ecommerce Set to Snowball." Computing (16 July 1998): 18.

Farrell, Nick. "Internet to Become ‘Dominant Medium’." Computing (01 October 1998): 32.

"The Future of Internet Commerce on Display at iEC." Business Wire (24 February 2000): 1193.

Gingrande, Arthur. "Web Marketing Boosts DIM Sales." KMWorld 07.08 (08 June 1998): 22-23, 27.

Hardy, Michael and Frances Horner. "Billabongs, Dugongs, Internet, and Tax." OECD Observer (January 1999): 15.

"How to Succeed in the New Knowledge Economy: Linking Knowledge Management to Corporate Strategy." Business Wire (31 January 2000) 1541.

Huber, Nick. "Cashing in on Cyber Money." Computing (19 February 1998): 24.

Jones, Chris. "E-commerce Extends Its Reach: Established Vendors Use Respected Brands to Attract Users." InfoWorld 18.42 (14 October 1996): 06.

Kirby, Peter S. "Plug and Play: The Future of eCommerce." Electronic News (07 December 1998): 08.

Krapf, Eric. "Can Businesses Find Common Ground for eCommerce?" Business Communications Review 29.04 (April 1999): 43-46.

Kruger, Peter. "Driving Home an Opportunity." Communications International 26.03 (March 1999): 39-40.

Lambeth, Jonathan. "Europe Faces eCommerce Revolution." Computing (17 September 1998): 22-23.

Leadbeater, Charles. "It’s Not Just the Economy, Stupid." New Statesman (27 September 1999): iv.

Lewis, Ted. "Jump-Starting the Global Vending Machine." Computer (June 1999): 120-121.

Madden, John. "Ernst & Young Weaves e-Com into Consulting." PC Week 16.11 (15 March 1999): 52.

Malhotra, Yogesh. "Knowledge Management for E-Business Performance: Advancing Information Strategy to `Internet Time'." Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal 16.04 (Summer 2000): 05-16.

Malim, George. "Ecommerce a Priority." Telecommunications 33.08 (August 1999): 11,16.

Marzulli, Tony. "Achieving a Healthy e-Business Solution: Key Attributes to Cutting-Edge e-Business Management Systems Are Connectivity, Knowledge and Performance." Health Management Technology 21.01 (01 January 2000): 18.

McGrath, Peter. "Knowing You All Too Well." Newsweek 133.13 (29 March 1999): 48.

McMillin, Kevin. "Knowledge Management Lessons Aiding E-Commerce Growth." Oil and Gas Journal 98.13 (27 March 2000): 02.

McWilliams, Gary and Marcia Stepanek. "Knowledge Management: Taming the Info Monster." Business Week (22 June 1998): 170-172.

Messner, Kelly. "Turning eChaos into eCommerce." Upside Online Trading Networks Supplement (January 1999): 08.

Nelson, Matthew. "Security, Internet Commerce on the Menu at ICE." InfoWorld 20.13 (30 March 1998): 19.

Newman, Nathan. "The Great Internet Tax Drain." Technology Review 99 (May-June 1996): 24-30.

Ojala, Marydee. "Information Professionals Meet Ecommerce." Online 23.05 (September-October 1999): 82.

Pigott, Sylvia E. A. "Internet Commerce and Knowledge Management: The Next Megatrends." Business Information Review 14.04 (December 1997): 169-172.

Poynder, Richard. "Out of the Labs and into Profit." Knowledge Management (December 1999-January 2000): 26-30.

"Profiting with the New Knowledge Economy: Recognition and Sharing of Best Practices." Business Wire (07January 2000) 1216.

Randall, Robert F. "Internet Will Speed Europe Market Harmonization." Strategic Finance 80.11 (May 1999): 20.

Ranger, Steve. "High Price to Pay for eCommerce." Computing (23 July 1998): 18.

Robinson, Dan. "Ecommerce in the Grip of a Taxing Problem." Computing (11 June 1998): 28.

Rosa, Jerry. "Integration Behemoths Move at E-Speed." Computer Reseller News (10 January 2000): 01.

Sabbagh, Dan. "Fate of eCommerce Lies in Labour Hands." Computing (21 January 1999): 27.

Sabbagh, Dan. "More Questions Than Answers." Computing (08 April 1999): 22.

Soete, Luc and Bas ter Weel. "Cybertax." Futures 30.09 (November 1998): 853.

Solomon, Marc. "Next Generation E-Business Intelligence: E for External." Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals 07.10 (November 1999): 26-32.

Turek, Norbert. "E-Commerce Counts on Servers: Choosing the Right Commerce-Server Vendor Is a Critical Decision." InformationWeek (13 September 1999).

Turner, Mary Johnston. "Bandwidth and Browsers Power Enhanced Services." Business Communications Review 29.05 (May 1999): 49-52.

Vlosky, Richard P. "eBusiness in the Forest Products Industry." Forest Products Journal 49.10 (October 1999): 12-21.

Walker, Richard W. "The Road to e-Commerce is a Long One." Government Computer News 18.13 (03 May 1999): 52.

Yates, M. "eEurope--eCommerce Revolution or Damp Squib?" Colloquim Digest 460 (1998).

"ZDNet and Creative Good Launch 'E-Business Best Practices', Providing Real-Life Examples of eCommerce Do's and Don'ts." PR Newswire (July 19, 1999) 4312.

Zoellick, Bill. "The Knowledge Marketplace." KMWorld 07.12 (November 1998): 13.

The cycle of creation starts in the laboratory with a concept, a thought. It then moves to discussion of the concept, processe, or theory with one’s peers. This occasionally causes the researcher to re-evaluate some of his or her concepts or perhaps the approaches used. The next stage is usually the presentation of new ideas or utilities at conferences. The additions, changes, or refutations that occur in the arena of debate are among the most important stages of the process. Next is the publication of journal articles that can foster further debate and improvement. At this point, the subject matter is in the "real world". Virtually all scholarship projects have used this cycle to help further the knowledge of their respective disciplines.

Presentation of papers at conferences and seminars allows a concentrated group of professionals to hear what possibilities the new changes and innovations in a given field have to offer. The primary value of these meetings is to put the collective intellects of these individuals together so that the communication is instantaneous and personal. Electronic communication is considered by many to be the be-all and end-all in terms of exchanging ideas and information. Yes, it is fast, and yes, it is inexpensive, but it does not allow for the most important part of communication—face-to-face conversation. Gestures, facial expressions, and posture cannot be conveyed in print. The majority of meaning in communication takes place non-verbally. This is the major benefit of conferences and seminars. Another benefit of face-to-face communication is instantaneous feedback and response. Oftentimes, a question occurs to someone reading correspondence. The reader is interrupted, has to handle an unrelated situation, comes back and realizes that he or she has forgotten the question. Speaking to the writer in person provides a greater opportunity for specific conversation and immediate response.

These Conference Papers will be an excellent guide to cutting-edge information that has been presented at various conferences of various groups who are interested in and pursuing Knowledge Management.

Aha, David W. et al, Co-Chairs. Exploring Synergies of Knowledge Management & Case-Based Reasoning Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1999.

Albert, Judith. "Nuts and Bolts of Knowledge Management for Information Professionals." Proceedings of the National Online Meeting 19.01 (12 May 1998): 06-15.

Barker, K. and M. T. Ozsu, eds. Proceedings of 5^th International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York: ACM, 1996.

Becerra-Fernandez, I. et al. "Knowledge Management: Redefining Corporate Assets." Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Management of Technology. 1998.

Benjamins, V. R. et al. "Knowledge Management through Ontologies." Reimer, Ulrich, ed. PAKM '98, Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management: Proceedings of the Second International Conference, Basel, Switzerland, October 29-30, 1998. [Zurich]: [s.n.], 1998. 05.1-05.12.

Boersma, J. S. K. T. and R. A. Stegwee. "Exploring the Issues in Knowledge Management." Proceedings of the 1996 Information Resources Management Association International Conference. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 1996.

Boynton, A. "How to Get Started with Knowledge Management." Exploring Opportunities in Knowledge Management, Knowledge Management Symposium: Leveraging Knowledge for Business Impact. Sydney: IBM Consulting Group, 1996.

Brown, Stephanie et al. "Ground Truth, Learning Networks in the Army." Proceedings of the Academy of Management Annual Meeting 1997.

Choo, C. W. "National Computer Policy Management in Singapore: Planning an Intelligent Island." Forging New Partnerships in Information: Proceedings of the 58^th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1995.

David, Paul A. "Knowledge, Property, and the System Dynamics of Technological Change." Summers, Lawrence M. and Shekhar Shah, eds. Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993.

Dysart, Jane I. "The SCIP Conference for CI Professionals: Conference Coverage Focused on Knowledge-Based Strategies for Success." Information Today 15.05 (May 1998): 23-25.

Field, J. "Information + Technology + You Equals Knowledge Management." Proceedings of the 13^th Annual Computers in Libraries ’98 in Cooperation with the Special Libraries Association. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1998. 60-62.

Field, M. "How to Dine Free at the Hilton." Library Association Record 100.03 (March 1998): 124.

Friedman, Sam. "Knowledge Sharing Gives Agents an Edge." National Underwriter 103.19 (10 May 1999): 09.

Gaines, Brian et al, eds. Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Management: Papers from the Spring 1997 Symposium. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1997.

Germany European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop. Knowledge Acquisition and Management. 11^th European Workshop, EKAW `99 Dagsuhl Castle, Germany, May, 1999: Proceedings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999.

Hardin, Steve. "Human Work in a Computer Age." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 25.02 (December 1998-January 1999): 13-15.

Hanley, S. "Building Knowledge-Based Communities of Practice: Lessons Learned from a Knowledge Management Success." Online Information 98: Proceedings. Oxford: Learned Information Europe Ltd, 1998.

Harvey, Michael et al. "Implementing Intra-Organizational Learning: A Phased-Model Approach Supported by Intranet Technology." European Management Journal 16.03 (June 1998): 341-354.

Hildreth, P. et al. "Knowledge Management: Are We Missing Something?" Brooks, L. and C. Kimble, eds. Proceedings of the 4th UKAIS Conference. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Publising Co., 1999.

Kappes, Sandra and Beverly Thomas. A Model for Knowledge Worker Information Support. Champaign, IL: Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1993.

Kappes, Sandra et al. Document Management for the Knowledge Worker System. Champaign, IL: Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1995.

Khosrowpour, M., ed. Proceedings of 1998 Information Resources Management Association International Conference. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 1998.

Klahr, P. "Knowledge Management on a Global Scale." Proceedings of the 1997 Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Management. Stanford, CA: AAAI Press, 1997. 82-85.

Klempa, M. J. and J. A. Britt. "Managing Information Technology: An Acquisition/Diffusion Contingency Model Integrating Organization Culture, Organization Learning, and Knowledge Sharing." Emerging Information Technologies for Competitive Advantage and Economic Development: Proceedings of 1992 Information Resources Management Association International Conference. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 1992.

Koeing, Michael. "The 1998 Conference Board Conference." Information Today 15.07 (July-August 1998): 13, 51.

Koenig, Michael E. D. "Libraries and Their Impact Upon Productivity." IFLA Pre-Conference Workshop (14 August 1995): 01-32.

Komorowski, Jan, ed. and Jan Zytkow. Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. First European Symposium, Pkdd ‘97 Trondheim, Norway, 24-27 June 1997: Proceedings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997.

Koren, Johan. "Knowledge Mobilisation in Rural Regions: The Public Library as Knowledge Catalyst." Paper submitted to the Third National Conference on Library Research, Fornebu, Oslo, Norway. (18-19 January 1999).

Kotnour, T. et al. "Determining the Benefit of Knowledge Management Activities." 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 1. New York: IEEE, 1997.

Leake, D. et al. "Acquiring Case Adaptation Knowledge: A Hybrid Approach." Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1996. 684-689.

LeFaure, Skip. "The 1998 Conference of Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning." Presentation at the Conference Board Conference, Chicago. (15 April 1998).

Luger, G. F., ed. Proceedings. Artificial Intelligence and Manufacturing Workshop. State of the Art and State of the Practice. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1998.

Malhotra, Yogesh. "Knowledge Management in Inquiring Organizations." Proceedings of the 3^rd Americas Conference on Information Systems. (15-17 August 1997).

Malwad, N. M. et al, eds. Towards the New Information Society of Tomorrow: Innovations, Challenges and Impact : Papers Presented at the 49th FID Conference and Congress. New Delhi: Indian National Science Documentation Centre, 1998.

Matarazzo, J. M. "Measuring the Value of the Corporate Information Resource." Online Information 97 Proceedings. 21st International Online Information Meeting. Oxford: Learned Information Europe Ltd, 1997.

Maurer, F. and B. Dellen. "A Concept for an Internet-Based Process-Oriented Knowledge Management Environment." Gaines, B. R. and M. Musen, eds. Proceeding of the 11^th Banff Knowledge Acquisition Workshop. 1998.

Mayer, Richard J. et al. Design Knowledge Management System (DKMS) Beta Test Report. Ohio: Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Laboratory, Air Force Material Command, 1993.

McKenna, B. et al, eds. Online Information 98. Proceedings. Oxford: Learned Information Europe Ltd, 1998.

Menou, Michel J. Studies of the Impact of Electronic Networking on Development: Report of the Mid-Project Meeting of the CABECA Survey of African Internet Use. Addis Ababa: Pan African Development Information System, 1998.

Milne, R. et al, eds. Applications and Innovations in Expert Systems VI. Proceedings of ES98, the Eighteenth Annual International Conference of the British Computer Society Specialist Group on Expert Systems. London: Springer-Verlag London Ltd, 1999.

Nixon, Carol et al, comps. Internet Librarian '98: Proceedings of the Internet Librarian Conference. Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc., 1998.

Online Information 97 Proceedings: 21st International Online Information Meeting. Oxford: Learned Information Europe Ltd., 1997.

Plaza, Enric, ed. Knowledge Acquisition, Modelling and Management: 10^th European Workshop, Ekaw ‘97, Sant Feliu De Guixols, Catalonia, Spain, 15-18 October 1997: Proceedings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997.

"Proceedings of the First Knowledge & Information Management Conference (KIM’99)." Information Services & Use 19.01.

Prusak, Larry. "Managing Principal, IBM Global Services, Consulting Group." Presentation at the Conference Board Conference. The 1998 Conference of Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning in Chicago, IL. (16 April 1998).

Puppe, F., ed. XPS-99: Knowledge-Based Systems. Survey and Future Directions. 5th Biannual German Conference Proceedings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999.

Raimond, Paul. "From the Conference Scene." European Management Journal 16.02 (April 1998): 242-245.

Reardon, Denis F. "Knowledge Management: The Discipline for Information and Science Professionals." Paper submitted to the 64^th IFLA General Conference in Amsterdam. (16-21 August 1998).

Remeikis, L. A. and E. Koska. "Organization for Knowledge: Developing a Knowledge Management System." Proceedings of the 17^th National Online Meeting. Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc., 1996.

Roushan, G. and M. Bobeva. "The Potential of Intranets as a Tool for Knowledge Management: The New Challenge for IS Professionals." Brooks, L. and C. Kimble, eds. Proceedings of the 4th UKAIS Conference. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Publising Co., 1999.

"SAE '99 International Congress & Exposition." Design News 54.04 (15 February 1999): 93.

Sanderson, S. M. "New Approaches to Strategy: New Ways of Thinking for the Millennium." Management Decision Conference 36, No. 01. Managing in the New Millennium Conference, 12-14 June 1997. United Kingdom: MCB University Press, 1998.

Santos, J. et al. "VERITAS-An Application for Knowledge Verification." Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society, 1999.

"Seeking the There There." Intelligent Enterprise 02.01 (05 January 1999): 01.

Senge, Peter. "Organizational Learning." Paper presented at the 16^th Annual International Conferences of the Strategic Management Society in Phoenix, AZ. (November, 1996).

Simoudis, E. et al. "Knowledge Acquisition in Case-Based Reasoning: …and Then a Miracle Happens." Proceedings of the 1992 Florida AI Research Symposium. 1992.

Skyrme, D. J. "From Information to Knowledge Management: Are You Prepared?" Online Information 97 Proceedings: 21^st International Online Information Meeting. Oxford: Learned Information Europe Ltd, 1997.

Soe, L. L. and M. Roldan. "Ecommerce Technologies: Managing the Bleeding Edge." Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems (1998): 348-350.

Swartz, L. H. "Implicit Knowledge (Tacit Knowing), Connoisseurship, and the Common Law Tradition." Paper presented at the faculty workshop of the University at Buffalo School of Law in Buffalo, NY. (11 April 1997).

Taylor, Volney. "Technology Innovation and Processing Information: Content and Context." Vital Speeches of the Day 65.07 201-204.

Thalheim, B. et al. MFDBS 91: 3^rd Symposium on Mathematical Fundamentals of Database and Knowledge Based Systems, Rostock, Germany, 06-09 May 1991: Proceedings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

Weiss, Andrew and Georgiy Nikitin. "Performance of Czech Companies by Ownership Structure." Paper presented at the William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan Conference on Finance in Transition Economies. (May 1998).

Zytkow, Jan M. and Mohamed Quafafou. Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Second European Symposium, Pkdd ‘98, Nantes, France, September 1998: Proceedings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998.

The acquisition of knowledge is the core function of Knowledge Management. Does it matter how this information is acquired? Absolutely. When one thinks of Competitive Intelligence, it has conjured up visions of Industrial Espionage replete with trench coats, fedoras, and whispered conversations in alleys. That, of course, is one of the more unsavory ways of compiling Competitive Intelligence. Is that the only way? Of course not.

The ability to ethically acquire the Competitive Intelligence a firm needs to compete is a skill that has been not given its just due. In order to get quality information, an employee must be a skilled researcher, willing to share knowledge (sources), and be willing to look to others for assistance as needed. Competitive Intelligence is one of the concrete ways in which the people, processes, and technology of a Knowledge Management program can show the financial benefits of adopting this strategy.

The organization with the best Competitive Intelligence division will have a substantial advantage in the workplace whether it involves anticipating market changes, knowing what one’s customer needs, or updating production practices. There is no area of business in which Competitive Intelligence cannot play a proactive role. As any organizational manager knows, the firm that is the most proactive in its business undertakings is the one that will succeed. Competitive Intelligence, if used correctly and in a timely manner can be a great contributor to the success of an organization. If the available Competitive Intelligence is not used, then the firm will soon be in dire straits.

As the reader looks through this Bibliography, the word, "competitive" is used often in the titles of articles, books, and journals. Competition is a fact of life. Any legitimate advantage that can be taken by an organization can only allow it a greater chance for success.

There are many legitimate ways to collect data, and it is truly a skill to do it well. This group of articles discusses some of the legitimate ways in which this truly necessary component of Knowledge Management can be done in an ethical manner.

Abramson, Gary. "All Along the Watchtower." CIO 12.19 (15 July 1999): S24-S30.

Andrewartha, Letitia. "Using Business Intelligence to Achieve a Sustainable Competitive Advantage." Tidskrift for Dokumentation 54.04 (1999): 103-110.

Anthes, Gary H. "Competitive Intelligence." Computerworld 32.27 (06 July 1998): 62.

Auditore, Peter J. "BI/DW in the Millennium." Enterprise Systems Journal 15.01 (January 2000): 20.

Avila, Larry. "Researchers Target `Secret' Corporate Information." Business Ledger 08.09 (01 May 2000): 01, 18.

Bergsman, Steve. "Corporate Spying Goes Mainstream." CFO: The Magazine for Senior Financial Executives 13.12 (December 1994): 24.

Bolita, Dan. "Building a Business Intelligence System Requires Intelligent Building Blocks." KMWorld 08.05 (May 1999): 26-27.

Boucher, J. "Sneak a Peek at the Competition." Bank Marketing 28.03 32-35.

"Bridging the Data Divide--Competitive Intelligence Is Becoming an Essential Tool to Keep Ahead of the Pack." European Chemical News (1999): 27.

Campanelli, Melissa. "I Spy." Entrepreneur 27.06 (June 1999): 48.

"Cipher Delivers Powerful Knowledge Management and Competitive Intelligence Products Based on IBM Middleware." Business Wire (08 June 1999) 1535.

"CISource." Online 22.04 (July-August 1998): 10.

Cohen, Andy. "The Misuse of Competitive Intelligence." Sales & Marketing Management 150.03 (March 1998): 13.

"Competitive Intelligence Guide." Information Today 13.08 (September 1996): 01-02.

"Competitive Intelligence Leader Predicts Service Convergence Between Commerce and Networks." Business Wire (13 October 1998) 1261.

"Competitive Intelligence Professionals Mark 10^th Anniversary of Their Society." Information Today 13.05 (May 1996): 17-19.

Crimmins, Francis et al. "TetraFusuin: Information Discovery on the Internet." IEEE Intelligent Systems 14.04 (July-August 1999): 55-62.

"Current Analysis Extends Competitive Intelligence to Third-Party Channel to Drive Additional Sales." Business Wire (21 September 1998).

Dover, Gary. "Knowledge Warriors: Intelligence Specialists in the 21^st Century." Competitive Intelligence Magazine 02.01 (January-March 1999): 29-33.

"Economic Espionage Explosion." Security 35.05 (May 1998): 14-19.

"Face-to-Face: Staples CEO Tom Stemberg on Competitive Intelligence." Inc. 18.12 (August 1998): 45.

Fine, N. "Competitive Intelligence: An External Threat and an Internal Requirement." Computer Security Journal 11.02 (Fall 1995): 75-78.

Freeman, Olivia. "Competitor Intelligence: Information or Intelligence?" Business Information Review 16.02 (June 1999): 71-77.

Gibbons, P. T. and J. E. Prescott. "Parallel Competitive Intelligence Processes in Organisations." International Journal of Technology Management 11.01-02 (1996): 162-178.

Gieskes, Hans. "Competitive Intelligence at LEXIS-NEXIS." Competitive Intelligence Review 11.02 (Second Quarter 2000): 04-11.

Green, William. "I Spy." Forbes 161.08 (20 April 1998): 90-94.

Hart, G.-M. "Knowledge Management and Competitive Intelligence in Australia." Journal of AGSI 07.02 (Fall 1998): 36-40.

Johnson, Arik. "CI Helps Build Stake in Future." KMWorld 08.07 (July 1999): 20.

Johnson, Arik. "Competitive Intelligence Workflow: From ad hoc Research to Environmental Scanning." KMWorld 08.10 (October 1999): 18-19.

Johnson, Arik. "E-businesses without CI Are Like Ships Without Radar Lost in Fog." KMWorld 09.01 (2000): 28-30.

Kahaner, Larry. "Seven Ways to Get the Skinny on a Company." Executive Female 19.04 (July-August 1996): 21-23.

Kassler, Helene S. "Competitive Intelligence on the Web." EContent 22.04 (August-September 1999): 15.

Kassler, H. S. "Mining the Internet for Competitive Intelligence: How to Track and Sift for Golden Nuggets." Online 21.05 (September-October 1997): 34-38, 40-42, 45.

Kennedy, Shirley Duglin. "Competitive Intelligence on the Web 101." Information Today (01 October 1998): 40.

Klein, Mark. "Tech Is Key to a Knowledge-Based Game." National Underwriter 103.40 (04 October 1999): 18-20.

Lamont, Judith. "CI Tools Enable More Confident Business Decisions." KMWorld 08.07 (July 1999): 21, 29.

Levitas, E. et al. "Competitive Intelligence and Tacit Knowledge Development in Strategic Alliances." Competitive Intelligence Review 08.02 (1997): 392-398.

Lorge, Sarah. "Why It Pays to be Curious." Sales & Marketing Management 150.08 (August 1998): 76.

McBride, Hugh. "They Snoop to Conquer." Canadian Business 70.08 (July 1997): 45-47.

Miller, Jerry P. "Some Competitive Intelligence Advice." Information Today 16.07 (July-August 1999): 56.

Moon, Mary Gemmel. "Effective Use of Information & Competitive Intelligence." Information Outlook 04.02 (February 2000): 17-20.

"Not a Smart Move." Industry Week 247.04 (16 February 1998): 16.

Ojala, Marydee and Jesper Vissing Laursen. "HEAD to HEAD for Competitive Intelligence." Online 22.06 (November 1998): 62.

Pagell, R. "Economic Espionage and Strategic Intelligence." Journal of AGSI 08.01 (March 1999): 36-43.

Pirttila, Anneli. "Competitor Information and Competitive Knowledge Management in a Large, Industrial Organization (NETWORKS)." Dissertation Abstracts International 59.02 265-439.

Powell, Tim. "Tech Knowledge: Disinformation about Knowledge Management." Competitive Intelligence Magazine 03.01 (January-March 2000): 51-52.

Robinson, Edward A. "China’s Spies Target Corporate America." Fortune 137.06 (30 March 1998): 118-121.

Rodenberg, J. H. A. M. "The Five Phases Model of Implementing Competitive Intelligence in the Organisation." Journal of AGSI 08.03 (November 1999): 80-83.

Shaker, Steven M. and Mark P. Gembicki. "Competitive Intelligence: A Futurist’s Perspective." Competitive Intelligence Magazine 02.01 (January-March 1999): 24-27.

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I am a big fan of print in any format—books, journals, newspapers, etc. The Electronic Age of the last several years has been making significant changes in our daily lives. Much of the information that was only available in print is now available electronically: books, journals, newspapers, etc. In order to remain competitive, an organization must be active in both arenas—electronic and print.

Among the many technological advances that have come in the recent past, the Internet and its many and varied uses may be the single most influential way of communicating since the telephone. Easily accessible, fast, and relatively inexpensive, the Internet and its accompanying technology can carry text, pictures, video, and even voice transmission in a fraction of the time it used to take to communicate with others. The greatest benefit of electronic communication is speed. Once this book was printed, it becomes a static artifact. If I find a journal article on eCommerce, it must wait until the next edition of this book is printed. It can be posted electronically as soon as it is located.

About five years ago, about 20 % of the Fortune 500 companies had web sites. Now, the figure is 100 %. Just having and maintaining a web site is not enough. It must be accessible (easily-located), authoritative, current, professionally-maintained, and user-friendly in order to be effective. The greatest benefit of these properties is currency. As stated above, as events occur, they can be posted to the web site and made available to both customers and users.

As new technology comes into use, decisions must be made to determine the value (if any) of the new technology to the organization. Just because something is new doesn’t mean that every organization should use it. Care should be exercised to ensure that the web site user is not overwhelmed by graphics and other paraphernalia that detract from the value of the site.

The web sites that follow are just a few among the many that exist. The web sites are not indexed, just listed here in alphabetical order. All were viewed between January 2000 and June 2000.

The videos listed here are not grouped into subheadings. This list contains those videos produced with "Intellectual Capital" or "Knowledge Management" as their primary focus as taken from the inventories of amazon.com and barnesandnoble.com. These two sources were selected because of the sheer volume of their respective inventories, and the videos should be among the most current available.

These will be very helpful as an adjunct to a lecture, seminar, a training session, or for use by the Auditory Learner.

Data Mining for Business Professionals. Syosset, NY: Computer Channel Inc., 1997.

Getting Out of the Box: The Knowledge Management Opportunity. Washington, DC: Special Libraries Association, 1996.

Intelligent Agents. Syosset, NY: Computer Channel Inc., 1997.

Knowledge Management. Manchester: EBC, 2000.

Knowledge Management Company. Washington, DC: Special Libraries Association, 1997.

Into the Future: On the Preservation of Knowledge in the Electronic Age. Produced and Directed by Terry Sanders. American Film Foundation, 1997.

Access to sources provided by the Center for Knowledge Management at Dominican University, River Forest, IL.